Scoliosis Research Paper

Karmin Extra Source Paper Scoliosis is a complex deformity or curvature of the spine and entire torso and has been recognized clinically for centuries (Asher, Marc A. ). â€Å"For a few of the patients an underlying cause can be determined, including congenital changes, secondary changes related to neuropathic or myopathic conditions, or later in life from degenerative spondylosis. However, the cause of most scoliosis is not known and since about 1922 such patients have been diagnosed as having idiopathic scoliosis (Asher, Marc A. ). Based on the observation of three distinct periods of climax, scoliosis has been sub-divided into three groups; infantile, before the age of 3; juvenile, age 5 to 8; and adolescent, age 10 until the end of growth. This categorization is now extensively used. â€Å"Eighty percent or more of idiopathic scoliosis is of the adolescent variety. As it is often not possible to determine the age of onset, age at presentation/detection is more accurate (Canaves e, Federico). † â€Å"The prevalence is very dependent on curve size cut-off point, decreasing from 4. 5% for curves of 6 degrees or more to only 0. 9% for curves of 21 ° or more. It is also very dependent on sex, being equal for curves of 6–10 ° but 5. 4 girls to 1 boy for curves of 21 ° or more (Asher, Marc A. ). † Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis can probably best be considered as a complex genetic trait disorder. There is often a positive family history but the pattern of inherited susceptibility is not clear. Current information suggests that there is genetic heterogeneity. This indicates that multiple potential factors are acting either dependently or independently in its pathogenesis (Asher, Marc A. ).Up to moderate deformities, recognized at a 40 degree curvature, bracing is the most common treatment. Brace treatment has been mainly simulated by directly applying external forces on the rib cage and on the lumbar spine. However, its ef? ciency in prev enting the progression of scoliotic deformities is still controversial and the biomechanics of brace treatment is still poorly understood. For instance, there is still no concurrence about the favorable design of a brace. The shape of the brace, the location of pads attached to the brace, and openings vary amongst orthotists (Clin, Julien).Nevertheless, brace treatment is favorable in comparison to no treatment at all. For example, the Scoliosis Research Society conducted a study in 1985 to scrutinize the correctness of the bracing treatment. â€Å"Patients of the same age, same curve pattern and severity were divided into two groups: one treated with bracing; and the other, untreated. Results published in 1993 demonstrated that brace treatment is effective compared to natural history (Canavese, Federico). † Studies conducted on the number of hours per day of brace-wearing show that the more hours per day the brace is worn, the better the result.The brace is usually prescribe d for fulltime wear with some time set aside for bathing, swimming, physical education and sport. The patient should be encouraged to be pursue sporting activities while continuing to wear the brace if possible. Contact sports are not allowed with the brace to protect other participants, as the brace can significantly injure another if contacted the right way. These activities generally represent an average of two to four hours a day to ensure that the brace is worn 21 to 23 hours daily (â€Å"Minimally Invasive†).Other treatments of scoliosis include surgical treatment to straighten the curve of the spine (Asher, Marc A. ). â€Å"Surgical treatment was initiated in 1914. When the results were evaluated in 1941 they were found to be poor. As a result of the untiring work of John Moe, Paul Harrington, and many others these results had considerably improved by 1962. Due to advances in surgery the number of scoliosis curves greater than 100 ° had dropped considerably by 1973. The indications for surgery as an adult are pain, appearance, and pulmonary problems, i. . shortness of breath. However, it is unusual for these symptoms to be severe enough to warrant surgery. In addition only those with surgery had pain management problems (Asher, Marc A. ). † Although there are some risks associated with surgery they have decreased substantially. Death is very unlikely but can occur, especially in patients operated as adults (Horn, Pamela). â€Å"Knowledge of the natural history of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis has expanded greatly in the last two decades.It has become clear that only about one in ten curves progresses to the point that treatment with bracing is warranted, and only one in 25, or 0. 1%, to the point that surgery is warranted. Bracing appears to prevent about 20% to 40% of appropriately braced curves from progressing 6 ° or more. Surgery, consisting of instrumentation and arthrodesis has virtually eliminated large thoracic curves. Altho ugh most patients are satisfied with their results, follow-up at 20+ years shows significant, clinically relevant decrease in function and increase in pain compared to controls.Re-operation is required in 6 to 29%. And, a very few have pain management problems (Asher, Marc A. ). † Works Cited Asher, Marc A. , and Douglas C. Burton. â€Å"Scoliosis. †Ã‚  Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Natural History and Long Term Treatment Effects  1 (2006): 1-10. Web. 23 Sept. 2012. Clin, Julien, Carl-Eric Aubin, Stefan Parent, and Hubert Labelle. â€Å"Biomechanical Modeling of Brace Treatment of Scoliosis. †Ã‚  Effects of Gravitational Loads  (2011): 743-53. International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering 2011, 02 Feb. 2011. Web. 3 Sept. 2012. Canavese, Federico, and Andre Kaelin. â€Å"Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Indications and Efficacy of Nonoperative Treatment. † Indian Journal of Orthopaedics 45. 1 (2011): Academic Search Complete. Web. 2 3 Sept. 2012. â€Å"Minimally Invasive Scoliosis Surgery: An Innovative Technique In Patients With Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis. † Scoliosis (17487161) 6. 1 (2011): 16-25. Academic Search Complete. Web. 23 Sept. 2012. Horn, Pamela. â€Å"Scoliosis. † Clinician Reviews 22. 8 (2012): 16-22. Academic Search Complete. Web. 23 Sept. 2012.

Sequence Analysis of the Third Man

10/7/12 The Third Man Sequence Analysis In Carol Reed’s The Third Man, the sequence in which the police and their bait, Holly, anxiously wait for the arrival of their target, Harry, is full of suspense and displayed through over 25 shots in less than 3 minutes. The sequence captures the anxiousness and suspense experienced by all the characters through its quick cuts of empty streets, destroyed buildings, and dark shadows. The score of this sequence heavily influences the mood and different thematic elements of the scene.Through this nearly silent (almost no dialogue) segment, Reed brings the viewers into the scene through the perspectives of different characters surveying the empty, quiet and dark city of Vienna for the man they are trying to capture, Harry Lime. The first shot of this sequence is a fade-in of the cafe in which Holly is settling down while waiting for Harry. The signature zither music picks up again to indicate the suspense of patiently waiting to complete a set-up that will allow the police to arrest a criminal.It then cuts to inside the cafe where Holly anxiously sits and begins to look outside the window examining the ominous, empty streets of Vienna. This shot is a prime example of the unique askew camera placement used throughout the entire film. In this shot, like several others, the frame is angled quite awkwardly. This technique embodies the creation of a dark, odd and intense world in which noir films took place. The next shot takes us outside with a long pan from left to right. This shot puts us in the perspective of Holly as he slowly scopes out an empty street.This zoomed in pan accurately conveys Holly’s anxiety of Harry’s arrival, as he attentively searches the street for any signs of Harry. This cuts back to Holly who is moving closer to the window in order to get a better look down the streets. Then a quick cut puts us back to Holly’s perspective of the street and yet again we see a vacant, dark stre et. However this shot is still and focuses on the Vienna statuary. The next cut is of a policeman hiding among these statues. The juxtaposition of these two shots is a prime example of Carol Reed’s montage and genius editing choices.Holly closely looks at this landmark, which happens to be the police’s hideout. This allows the viewer to see the elaborate plan the police have created and be placed right in the middle of it. We are unable to see the police from the viewpoint of the meetings location but once zoomed in we can see them hidden in the depths off the shadows created by these large statues and columns. The shot of the policeman hidden along the statue cuts quickly to a shot of a still, dark street. The perspective then switches to that of the policeman.The next cut shows another policeman, this time zoomed in on his face. This shot has much more light on the policeman’s face. It is a close up shot from a lower viewpoint. This allows us to understand the different placements and hiding spots of these police officers that are waiting to capture their target. This then cuts again to this policeman’s view of the street. This rapid crosscutting of straight shots juxtaposed with angled shots of the policemen and their vantage points, alongside the portentous strumming of the zither creates a very ominous and suspenseful setting and mood.It places the viewer inside the set-up as if we too are silently and anxiously surveying the war-torn streets of Vienna for Harry Lime. This cuts to a shot that display’s Reed’s undeniable element of lighting. A police officer is placed in the center of the frame in profile. As he exhales, the low-key lighting picks up the fog created by his warm breath. This cuts again to the policeman’s vantage point down a dim alley. This cuts to another shot of a policeman with unique lighting. The lighting only allows the viewer to see the policeman’s nose and below.His eyes and fo rehead are hidden by the shadow of his hat, until he moves his eyes. The lighting allows us to see the whites of his eyes as they move from right to left across the frame. Only seeing his eyes as they move force us to follow his eyes and look into his vantage point that is seen in the next shot of another empty road. This cuts to a close up of another policeman’s face, where again the lighting picks up and reflects off of the fog. This quickly cuts to another empty street view, which then quickly cuts back to Holly.This shot of Holly is still angled awkwardly, only now we see Holly impatiently playing with his cup. The shot is important because it again shows us Holly’s fickle feelings towards the situation he is in. Throughout the film he has had difficulty deciding on whether or not to help the police bring in his friend Harry. This shot of Holly shows the internal debate he is experiencing in the mere three seconds it is seen. We then cut back to the first police of ficer in the statuary. His shadow is beautifully cast on the column next to him and our eyes are drawn to it.We see his shadow move as he notices something. This cuts to his vantage point of a street that is finally no longer empty. A giant shadow is emerging alongside a building. The menacing shadow stands two stories high. This creates a strong feeling of suspicion and fear, yielding an expectation by viewers and the police that the shadow will be Harry. The sight of a humongous shadow approaching sufficiently increases the suspense of the sequence. This cuts back to the policeman in what proves to be one of the most significant and well-filmed shots of the movie.It cuts to the same police officer who makes the first sound of the sequence; a simple â€Å"pssst†. This is to signal that Lime is approaching to someone below. The camera pans down below the officer, and zooms into a dark corner of the statuary covered by shadows. The lighting of this shot is incredible. As the s hot zooms in to its closest point, the lighting reveals the hiding Calloway and Paine as they merge from the shadowy depths of the statuary. Not only is this shot brilliantly lit, but it also displays the film’s mise-en-scene of corruption.The two unscrupulous officers are standing underneath what was once beautiful religious statuary. Post-war Vienna is nothing like what it was and is now a depressing, crumbling, and corrupt city. Before the war, these officers would have been standing in beautiful religious architecture. Their emergence from the murky shadows represents the post-war ruin and corruption of the once beautiful city of Vienna. This then cuts back to the approaching giant shadow, as it closes in on the intersection, signifying the end of anticipation. The next shot is of a policeman leaning in to catch a view of to whom this shadow belongs.This quickly cuts to a short shot of Holly also leaning in to try and get a glimpse. The shot reinforces the suspense and an xiety, and moral dilemma Holly is experiencing while waiting to set up his friend. As the shadow makes the final steps before being revealed, the zither tone changes from the usual haunting strumming to a comical, upbeat, high-pitched progression. It is then revealed that this shadow is a simple balloon salesman. The sudden change in music completely rids all previous tension as the balloon vender makes his way around the corner.This shot symbolizes Reed’s fantastic visual language. All of the shots leading up to this leave the viewer with nothing but certainty that this approaching shadow will be Lime. We have chased him down before through his shadows so there is no reason to believe that the camera is playing a hoax on us. The viewer undoubtedly trusts the visual storytelling, due to Reed’s fantastic imagery and shots. Carol Reed’s rapid crosscuts are a unique tactic that delays the plot of the film, solely to shift all focus to the increase in tension.The qu ick, oddly angled shots bring the viewer into the elaborate set-up, following each police officer and Holly, along with their respective vantage points of the streets of Vienna as if we too are searching for Lime. This sequence proves to be powerful and suspenseful, as well as a direct reflection of Carol Reed’s brilliance. He is able to intensify the suspense of the film significantly through his elaborate camera work, montage, lighting, mise en scene and sound. This short sequence proves to be a noteworthy piece in the cinematic world, and embodies the genre of film noir in just two minutes.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing Business Functions

To start with, without any doubt, outsourcing has greatly modified the worldwide business arena. Not long before, outsourcing was just considered like a means for reducing several operational expenses. Nevertheless, since the present competition augmented and new companies also started entering the marketplace, wise companies are at present depending upon outsourcing for gaining a competitive benefit while further intensifying their worldwide spread. Outsourcing an outside corporation for handling tasks usually carried out in-house, is quite prevalent conception for many companies (Grossman and Helpman, 2002b). Procedures like payroll, logistics and bookkeeping are normally outsourced for cutting down costs and increasing effectiveness. Particularly, outsourcing the company’s functions has turned out to be highly popular over the past few years since a large number of companies have started realizing the advantages associated with this concept of outsourcing (Grossman and Help man, 2002b). Further, taking into consideration the above discussion this particular paper attempts to examine the concept of outsourcing along with several advantages and disadvantages associated with it by taking the case of Barclays Bank.   To start with, outsourcing  basically encompasses contracting a company’s process to some third-party supplier (Gilley and Rasheed, 2000). At present, the notion of "outsourcing" has become quite prevalent all around the world. Outsourcing could involve contracting out consumer support business or even IT support. The concept could even involve shifting assets along with employees from one corporation to another (Gilley and Rasheed, 2000).  In addition, outsourcing is also adopted for illustrating the process of transferring control of public provisions to some for-profit corporations (Grossman and Helpman, 2002b). Moreover, it takes in both domestic and overseas contracting  and at times includes off-shoring  or relocating an organization process to some another country as well. Gilley and Rasheed (2000) state that financial savings from lower abroad labour expenses is a major impetus for outsourcing or off-shoring. Outsourcing refers to the practice of one company co ntracting with some another company for offering facilities that might else be performed through in-house employees. Regularly the procedures that are outsourced can be performed through the company itself, nonetheless in a number of cases there are financial advantages that are an outcome of adopting outsourcing approach (Quelin and Duhamel, 2003). Further, as fraction of the continuously progressing trend, jobs like e-mail facilities, payroll and call centre  provisions are some among the highly widespread outsourced operations. These procedures are administered by separate companies that specialise in these facilities, are often located abroad and involve a low cost of labour (Gilley and Rasheed, 2000). According to Quelin and Duhamel, (2003), outsourcing can be defined as a mutual concept wherein two parties operate collectively, sharing the threats as well as incentives of a two-way association which lays emphasis on unremitting enhancement. Momme (2002) holds the view that outsourcing results in better performance due to the reason that it develops long-standing collaboration grounded upon faith among the individuals. Moreover, outsourcing means a far-reaching alteration in the manner individuals operate, taking in group work, mutual judgment making as well as collaborative acts. However, the more thorough these alterations are, the more complicated the job of executing them is expected to be. According to Gilley and Rasheed (2000), outsourcing points towards the modifications within the social structures of minimum two companies, along with the possibility for confrontation being substantial.   Initially, organizations which come to a decision to outsource do so, could be because of several reasons. One of the most important reasons is to attain cost savings or superior cost management throughout the outsourced function. Organizations generally outsource to a supplier who is an expert in a particular operation and could carry out that task more competently than the organization (Momme, 2002). The recent researches bring to light the fact that on an average, outsourcing organizations attain around 9% saving in costs and about 15% augment in volume and excellence. Moving ahead, other common basis for outsourcing is to attain headcount declines or reduce the variations in recruitment which might take place due to the alterations in demand for a good or facility. Also, organizations outsource with the intention to trim down the workload on their staff members or to put forward additional development prospects for their staff members by releasing them from monotonous tasks (Momm e, 2002). A large number of organizations go for outsourcing with the purpose to get rid of interruptions and compel themselves to lay high emphasis on their chief proficiencies. Some companies outsource in order to attain higher monetary flexibility, as the vending of resources which previously assisted an outsourced operation could perk up an organization’s  cash flow (Quelin and Duhamel, 2003).  However, a likely drawback in this interpretation is the fact that several suppliers require long-term  agreements that might lessen down flexibility. Going further, a main ground for outsourcing computer programming as well as other  IT (information technology)  operations is to attain admittance to latest expertise and outside proficiency. Several experts assert that the organizations are exposed to latest expertise through suppliers in any case, so instead the companies can simply appoint individual having the proficiency they need or are searching (Blinder, 2006). However, this is not appropriate for  small scale organizations that normally could not meet the expense of appointing computer specialists or formulate the internal expertise in order to uphold high-level expertise. At the time when such operations are outsourced, the small level organizations attain admittance to latest techniques which might aid them in competing with larger organizations. Apart from all this, politics is also considered to be a common reason for partnership sourcing. For instance, several organizations might initiate the outsourcing plan subsequent to witnessing the successful attempts of a rival. Some may be directed towards outsourcing by supervisors looking for individual gain or by a wish to get rid of bothersome divisions. Lastly, outsourcing puts forward an appealing option for start-up organizations while they develop. In such situations, outsourcing could release the industrialists from tiresome and time-taking operations, like payroll, in order to make sure that he or she could focus on the  marketing  as well as sales functions which would make possible for the company to generate money (Blinder, 2006). Besides, several advantages associated with partnership sourcing there also exists a number of possible shortcomings such as inefficient  quality management,  reduced organization trustworthiness, an extensive bid procedure and a loss of planned arrangement (Wartzman, 2010). There might also be inbuilt disadvantages for upholding definite operations internally. For instance, organization staff members might hold a superior comprehension of the market and their vested preferences might imply that they are more expected to create judgments taking into account the organization’s objectives. However, it is very important for the companies to make sure that they never outsource any operation which straightforwardly influences superiority or service.   Moving ahead, both sides must be cautious while stepping into an outsourcing agreement. Every associate must be certain that the other party is dedicated to the contract to the similar degree that they are. In case if not, the a ssociation could happen to be source consuming and would turn into just other burden on finances already going through pressure. Further, other issue related to the outsourcing might take place at the time when both sides attempts to make others to become accustomed with their manner of operating (Blinder, 2006). The customer and vendor might hold views as to how they wish to carry out their operation and in case if the other party does not agrees to these, at that time both might struggle to have the same opinion on conditions.   Advantages of outsourcing to Barclaycard include: The disadvantages of outsourcing for Barclaycard include: Thus, it is highly recommended to consider the interests of staff members and customers and then only make an informed decision.   As soon as an organization has arrived at the decision to go for outsourcing, there still exist several facets that need to be taken into consideration while developing an efficient transition and in developing a partner association along with the supplier (Wartzman, 2010). There is a sequence of steps that need to be followed by the companies. Firstly, the organization should decide what kind of outsourcing link would best satisfy its requirements. A few companies share premeditated  decision making among their suppliers, whereas others outsource just on a restricted and as-required basis. After that, the corporations require to obtain the assistance of chief recruits for the judgments associated with outsourcing. A number of firms come across disagreement from staff members who hold the view that their jobs face risk because of outsourcing. This is principally essential within companies wherein staff members are represented through  worker unions.  Moreover, during the mid-1990s, the problem of outsourcing was chief in various strikes made by the United Auto employees in opposition to American automobile producers. According to Wartzman (2010), developing a  team  comprising of outsourcing professionals, individuals from higher  management  and employees as well as the supervisors of all influenced sections of the organization, can help to deal with worker issues related to the decision. In order to uphold the faithfulness and efficiency of remaining staff members, it might also be supportive in planning programs so as to aid employees which might be dislo cated because of outsourcing. After addressing people concerns, the corporation could start getting in touch with potential suppliers, either officially or unofficially and asking particular questions regarding the facilities offered and the conditions of the agreement (Kakabadse & Kakabadse, 2000). Moreover, the supplier need to hold experience in managing alike business and must be capable of giving the customer’s wants the precedence they should be given. Going further, the organization should choose a supplier it has faith in so as to formulate an equally advantageous partner association (Blinder, 2006). It is essential for the corporation to build up tangible measures for job performance prior to stepping into a contract in addition to financial incentives in order to motivate the supplier to stick to time line and manage costs (Blinder, 2006). Further, the agreement should evidently describe accountabilities and outcome criterion, summarize privacy regulations and possession rights to fresh thoughts or knowledge and take in methods of severing the affiliation if required. As the supplier is expected to hold additional experience in formulating outsourcing contracts as compared to a small customer organization, it might also be useful to discuss with a legal representative at the time of agreement negotiations.  Ã‚   To conclude, it can be clearly stated from the above discussion that outsourcing among several other kinds of association have turn out to be a well-liked as well as an effectual means of administering organization development and putting forward for the organizations a possibility to lay high focus on their chief proficiencies. The advantages associated with outsourcing take in cost savings, cost management, augments volume, trims down the workload on their staff members, puts forward additional development prospects, helps the organizations to get rid of disruptions and enables them to focus on their chief proficiencies. Apart from a number of advantages related to partnership sourcing there also exist, various shortcomings including inefficient  quality management,  reduced organization trustworthiness, an extensive bid procedure and a loss of planned arrangement. Moving ahead, issues related to the outsourcing might also come to pass at the time when both customer and vendor attempts to make others to become accustomed with their manner of operating (Wartzman, 2010). Further, when firms decide to go for outsourcing, they must keep in mind several steps and factors so as to formulate efficient association. Blinder, A. (2006) Offshoring: The Next Industrial Revolution? Foreign Affairs, Vol. 85, No. 2, pp. 113.128 Gilley, K. M. and Rasheed, A. (2000) Making More by Doing Less: An Analysis of Outsourcing and its Effects on Firm Performance, Journal of Management, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 764 Grossman, G. M. and Helpman, E. (2002b) Outsourcing in a Global Economy, Princeton University Kakabadse, N. and Kakabadse, A. (2000) Critical review – Outsourcing: a paradigm shift, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 19, No. 8, pp. 668-728 Momme, J. (2002) Framework for outsourcing manufacturing: strategic and operational implications [Online] https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8862/ce484baaad9d9b20c4982e1b7697346f20c7.pdf, Date Accessed: 23/04/2017 Quelin, B. and Duhamel, F. (2003) Bringing Together Strategic Outsourcing and Corporate Strategy: Outsourcing Motives and Risks [Online] https://studies2.hec.fr/jahia/webdav/site/hec/shared/sites/quelin/acces_anonyme/outsourcing/2003emj-QuelinDuhamel.pdf, Date Accessed: 23/04/2017 Wartzman, R. (2010) Insourcing and Outsourcing: The Right Mix,  Bloomberg Business. End your doubt 'should I pay someone to do my dissertation by availing dissertation writing services from Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing Business Functions In contemporary business, outsourcing takes the lead. This is necessitated by the fact that many business affiliation endeavors to capitalize all aspects of the progress of science, procedures, and advances to deliver satisfactory results to the client. This effect is f great significant as it necessitates concentration to advantages of focus capacities and arranged headings of activities.(Anikin and Rudaya, 2009) This prompts central lessening of expenses on the formation of the last outcome because each part wears down making it perform better without any addition contributing for adjusting new development sorts. This review concentrates on extraordinary conditions and hindrances experienced in outsourcing within banks in Kazakhstani. The discussion starts with a composed work survey of outsourcing that includes speculations and sorts of outsourcing, its central focuses, and hindrances. It will therefor expose delayed consequences of this audit, system investigation, and examination. Outsourcing is included two words sourcing implies " an exhibition of work exchange and selection of individuals to fit in certain position of work." Business communities affiliated understand that there exist individuals and organization who can deliver and perform better, speeder, smatter and give quality results. (Power, Desouza and Bonifazi, 2006) .Ashley stated that outsourcing "the undertaking of risk and duty concerning playing out a most remote indicate or affiliation another substance" (Ashley, 2008). Practically, outsourcing can be delineated as the game plan of errand occupations pariah, who can redesign, more sensible and snappier. Perpetual supply of regulator over implementation of subcontracted most remote point; subcontracting can be bound both from inside and outside sorts. Inside subcontracting is "rearrangement of purposes of repression in commercial structure aimed at saving switch completed its implementation" and external subcontracting is "strategy of accomplis hment of restricted or generally linked abilities to outside subcontractors" (Anikin and Rudaya,2009) for example, partitions of joint exercises of outside outsourcing solidify emphases thought, energized exertion, joint changing, and created effort in investment, although dissections of joint exercises of inside outsourcing wire entire arrangement relationship, at this moment collaboration, and single affiliations. Subordinate upon profitable utilization of purposes of intrigue and restructuring of risk and duty outsourcing is constrained into secluded and full outsourcing sorts. Halfway or specific outsourcing is "the endeavor of particular purposes of constringent or business techniques to outsourcer, while set of frequently related cutoff focuses are completed by association itself, and full subcontracting suggests "the assignment of discrete ability to outsourcing association with commanding it with full responsibility concerning most extreme's accomplishment (Doyle and Tapper, 2001). Outsourcing incorporates distinctive exercises, and each ponders can be portrayed by two or three structures that are installed in different hypothetical frameworks. An unimaginable bit of the reviews for outsourcing influenced by three rationalities: Resources available, Competency Approach on core values, theory of transaction. The advantage in outsourcing view works from a suggestion that connection that needs gigantic, extraordinary, exceptional and managed assets and limits, may look for an outside supplier to whipping that insufficiency (Henry A. 2008). As indicated by Perunovi? and Pedersen, the most discernible utilization of the advantage for outsourcing philosophy method is the masterminding stage for depicting the fundamental organization system and in the merchant affirmation sort out for picking a fitting broker (Perunovi? and Pedersen,2007). Affiliations will relate crevices to assets and breaking points in the savviest way to deal with keep up a particular thing and it s high ground (Urquhart,2002). The substance of the center fitness hypothesis is that it ought to be within the confinements of the organization, however, that assorted exercises that the connection supervises, which are not checked to be center or fundamental to its capacity, ought to be well-thought-out for subcontracting (Prahalad and Hamel, 2003).As appeared by Henry "a center limit can be considered as a social occasion of properties that a connection has which in this way engages it to satisfy high ground" (Henry, 2008). If the association is to concentrate on its inside aptitudes as the present of its supportable high ground, then exercises which don't constitute center health where an outside firm can be selected with lower cost. Furthermore, exchange rate concept has been made to stimulate an examination of the nearby expenses for development, changing, and watching undertaking acknowledgment under option association structures (Kay, 2005).The measure analysis consequently cost hypothesis an exchange, through outpourings of Williamson "happens when a not all that terrible or association is transferred over an imaginatively restrict interface" [16]. Pioneers upscale the time and transfer costs related to executing an exchange inside their affiliations – for sourcing versus creation and sharing costs related to working trade the outsourcing market. Affiliations can pick whether to purchase at the stores choice depends on upon the buying cost set since the expenses of period and expenses of the exchange. The hugest purpose of enthusiasm of subcontracting is focusing on motivation works out, cost speculation stores, access in comprehension, improve execution, and flexibility. To begin with, various researchers agree in transit that by giving over noncore activities to a confined in untouchable, an association can concentrate on activities essential to its key offer and addition its forceful arranging (Fan, Ramachandran, Wu and Yue,.2006) Second, outsourcing, all things considered, is held toward one of the guideline targets as cost speculation reserves (Liao and Reategui,2002).The remarkable necessity arises when a particular resource, either human or apparatus resources, is not required full time, or the attempts to get the advantage can't be guarded. For instance, for a medium-gage business keeping particular fitness and support is required from time to time. Since the cost of enlisting and setting up a fashioner who is capable in PC sustenance is too high, it will be helpful for th e relationship to subcontract this attempt. Third, by outsourcing affiliations have the likelihood to contact to particularly qualified workforce, which might not be interested in the customer alliance and thoroughly abuse the providers' hypotheses, degrees of progress, and pro limits Fourth, a fundamental explanation for outsourcing accepted is achievement of an adjustment in completing the subcontractor affiliation may offer thus of benefits of operating to a grand scale. The inconceivable level can give an assortment of points of confinement and openings which will spare the best accessible expert, who won't have any desire to work in a less captivating customer condition. Also, with master groups, the level of effective involvement is relied on to be advanced, as a result of the more critical social event of staff on assignments when showed up distinctively in connection to inward operations.Fifth, adaptability is the key elucidation behind outsourcing for a couple of affiliatio ns. Outsourcers' understandings and the professions of their experts rely on upon the level of flexibility to commercial change conditions. A central weight to outsourcing is honest to goodness loss of mechanism over procedures, safety hazard, and enigma, quality issues, reallocation of costs in existing social events. Notwithstanding, burden related to the loss of control over the outsourced operations starts from the reason that administering outside resources requires extraordinary points of confinement which is a blend of the aptitudes of individuals and procedure affiliation, contract affiliation, and power approach. Second, in each useful sense, each outsourcing contract has terms of security and plan clarified, however, the execution and study are continually troublesome. In genuine cash related affiliations, necessities keep information known to hypothesis banks far from vendors, specialists, and collection of diverse individuals who intend to use the inside information despicably (Jiang, Klein, Tesch D and Chen,2003) Third, one motivation to outsource is the yearning of getting favored association from the outso urcer over from inside staff. The subcontractor must be selected in a certain model to manage affirmation that there is no frightful impact in transit of things and attempts passed on. Something else, affiliation may free its position open.Fourth, the affiliation will agree to a course of action with the subcontracting affiliation that will cover the straightforward segments of the association that they will give. Anything not shrouded in the understanding will be the clarification behind the relationship to pay an extra cost. For instance, an overseer may purposefully forbid costs to bolster one decision, for example, picking one provider versus another, selecting in-sourcing instead outsourcing, or staying in a particular commercial or not (Liao and Reategui, 2002) Fifth, the outsourcing is dependably related to the culmination in masters' brains. It is equivalently an issue for the affiliation's top association social occasion to pick how to change the present workforces. As spec ified by Bragg, affirming such a fundamental transformation and seeing it missed the mark can provoke end of no less than one of an association's organization staff. Criticalness of this investigation is in examining condition of subcontracting mechanisms for banks Kazakhstan. Notwithstanding the way for outsourcing ended up being to a significant degree pervasive subject among coherent works ever all over the world examination for outsourcing practices in Kazakhstan in dealing with a record industry of the Republic. Also, furthermore outsourcings transformed into a systematical consider for a heavy part of masters, it started to deal with various qualities affiliations can be unmistakable. Outsourcing being broad aligned and cleaned about any business hover, like this; it must be viewed as parts shown by specialists, who look at outsourcing wonders, are correlated. In this way, the objective of this examination is to recognize certified central focuses and shortcomings of outsourcing by focusing on points of interest grabbed, and risks stood up to particularly banks in Kazakhstan. Growing outsourcing information by keeping cash and not too bad contender for this survey, trial of this examination includes three banks working in banks. For performing honest to goodness look into it is imperative to pick change to analyze system that will give information gathered that is related to research Every close meeting with top head of associations was chosen as the method for rhythmic movement asks about. The principal favored angle of versus meeting, where one can modify the request as primary and assurance that the responses are genuinely grasped by repeating or reevaluating the application. Consequently, Respondents are guided by summary of meeting subjects in the main segments of this audit. There was no inclination issue from driving respondents to focus only things on the once-over in light of the way that the once-over during the meeting. Respondents were permitted to look at untouched. The meeting was driven in Russian lingo and meeting time was changing long ho urs. Patron suggests that eye to eye converse with it is perfect for examination in an impartial way. Worldwide HSBC Kazakhstan adequately works in broad framework wherever across the globe Kazakhstan illustrative of HSBC Group is incorporated to be little relationship with other neighborhood banks. Like this, its subcontracting mechanisms principally stream out from confined resources. Being a merger of two banks its obliged as of late surrounded bank to outsource get ready concentration Alem Card LLP, in light of the way that making and keeping up taking care of structure of its particular forces is uncommonly exorbitant to banks. Furthermore, Halyk Bank works with regulatory foundations, and a number of clients is extraordinarily higher. Along these lines, Halyk Bank is constrained to search for outsourcing outcast pro communities to guarantee constant change in execution to clients. As indicated by examinations of subcontracting magnitude and sorts, outsourcing rehearses in banks. Both organizations are encountering an outsourcing breaking point of "segment cards managing" which is genuinely a champion among the most costly cutoff points among the managing a record operations, and in this way, it requires entire arrangement (8-12 years) and unchanging association among bank and outsourcer. Both BTA Bank and Halyk Bank are outsourcing "most systems" and "all things considered fulfilled" which can be appeared by the detail of outsourced farthest point and with the way that part cards were dealing with can't be allotted not so much. Propel, examinations uncover that equally, BTA Bank and Halyk Bank are improving "inside outsourcing." The illumination behind this is the way that the level of control over execution of arranging concentrates especially impacts implementation of the bank in entirety. Additionally, the rate at which the HSBC regulates outsourcing is les s, and in this effect, the outsourcing is, therefore ‘’outside’’. The clarification behind this is traverse of outsourcing associations has at this very moment character (1-3 years) and only "a couple of support and dealing with a record frames outsourced." Additionally, the inspiration driving why HSBC Bank is using "deficient outsourcing" gives off an impression of being sound due to the traverse of outsourced limits. If when only "a couple of systems outsourced" and they needn't trouble with unusual condition of switch over execution, complete subcontracting with disengaging entire organization handle with reorganization of threats and commitments is unrealistic. Outsourcing twisted up observably a champion among the most generally utilized contemporary business rehearses. Regardless, it has both motivations behind interest and put-down. While attractiveness of labor in which affiliation works and centers that it sets deviations, subcontracting can comparatively modify and pass on purposes of intrigue or dangers to customer membership. From our examinations, clearly, practices for outsourcing are not comparable in all relationship, this particular advancement considered for real money related companies. Two or three outcomes can be taken from this work. On the off chance that an affiliation is practically nothing and has obliged assets, then it desires to subcontract. In any case, subcontracting rehearses can't accreditation such fundamental favored perspective as cost lessening seen in many banks Anikin BA, Rudaya IL. 2009, Outsourcing and outstaffing: high technologies of management. Moscow:Infra-M. Anikin BA, Rudaya IL. 2009, Outsourcing and outstaffing: high technologies of management. Moscow:Infra-M;. Ashley E. 2008,Outsourcing for dummies. New Jersey: Wiley Publishing;.   Doyle C, Tapper D. 2001.Evaluating the benefits of IT outsourcing. An IDC White Paper Fan LL, Ramachandran S, Wu YH, Yue ZN.2006, Outsourcing in business. Henry A. 2008, Understanding strategic management. Oxford University Press.   Henry A. 2008, Understanding strategic management.Oxford University Press. Jiang J J, Klein G, Tesch D, Chen HG. 2003,Closing the user and provider service quality gap. Communications of the ACM; 46; 72–76. Kay N. 2005, Coase, The nature of the firm and the principles of marginal analysis. University of Strathclyde. Liao KG, Reategui LA. 2002, Information technology outsourcing in emerging markets. Massachusetts institute of technology Liao KG, Reategui LA. 2002, Information technology outsourcing in emerging markets, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Perunovi? Z, Pedersen JL. 2007, Outsourcing process and theories. POMS 18th Annual Conference. Power MJ, Desouza KC, Bonifazi C. 2006. The outsourcing handbook: how to implement a successful outsourcing process. Kogan Page Limited. Prahalad CK, Hamel G. 2003, the core competence of the corporation. Harvard Business Review 3; 79-93.   Urquhart C. 2002, Applications of outsourcing theory to collaborative purchasing and licensing. Aberystwyth: University of Wales.   Urquhart C. 2002.   Applications of outsourcing theory to collaborative purchasing and licensing. Aberystwyth: University of Wales Advantages And Disadvantages Of Outsourcing Business Functions This research report has been conducted on the topic â€Å"Advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing business functions†. This research program will discuss the concept of outsourcing which is being used by businesses for enhancing their effectiveness and reducing the workload. Outsourcing is used by the businesses for enhancing their performance as well as focusing on the important activities or operations of the business. It will also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing to the business. Different methods and techniques will be applied to the collection of data. These methods and techniques will be discussed in this research report. Objectives are set for identification of the goals which need to be adopted from the execution of the activity or series of activities. This research report has been conducted with a motive to collect data related to the various advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of outsourcing to the business. Knowledge will be developed of the concept of outsourcing and its importance for the business. Various articles, journals and internet sources will be used for developing knowledge regarding the research topic. The scope defines the boundaries of the research and aspects which will be covered in this research report. Outsourcing is widely used by the businesses for enhancing the performance of the business. This research report will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing. Various research methods or techniques will be put to use for gathering information related to the research topic. An action plan will be prepared for conducting the research project as per the plans. Outsourcing is an important aspect of the dynamic business environment as there has been a rise in the use of this concept. Businesses are enrolling in outsourcing for ensuring that the operations of the business are performed in an effective manner. Outsourcing has contributed towards the attainment of the objectives of the business. The main objective behind the use of outsourcing is to manage the time by focusing on the crucial aspects of the business. Globalisation has promoted the concept of outsourcing. Previously outsourcing was used for cost cutting but with the change in the business environment, outsourcing has been used for enhancing the performance and focusing on the important activities of the business. For operating in an effective manner in the dynamic business environment, it is vital to adopt effective strategies. Different authors have presented different views for outsourcing which have been discussed in this research project (Sturgeon & Gereffi, 2011). The term outsourcing can be defined as the use of outside resources for the purpose of execution of the operations of the business by handling the operations to outside company or third agency. Businesses are using outsourcing for the purpose of enhancing the performance of the business, reducing the cost, time and efforts, enhancing the effectiveness of important functions of the business and increase the productivity of the business (Tayauova, 2012). There are few disadvantages associated with the use of outsourcing. These disadvantages of using outsourcing include an increase in the cost, lack of proper infrastructure facilities, lack of support on the part of the government, depletion in the quality of the products or services outsourced, the threat of leakage of the confidential information of the business and lack of control on the operations. Focus on the business while taking outsourcing decision is on quality of the services, confidentiality, and control on the operations ou tsourced. Companies are considering outsourcing for reducing the legal and financial obligations which are contributing to the cost of the business (Mirza, 2012). Different factors are responsible for determining the decision of outsourcing. Businesses are analyzing different aspects related to outsourcing for drawing a decision. Different functions or operations of the business are being outsourced by the businesses for enhancing the effectiveness and focusing on the important functions of the business. There has been a fast increase in the use of outsourcing. The concept of outsourcing includes appointing the third party for the purpose of performing or executing the operation of the business. Companies are using outsourcing for encouraging the chances of success and growth as well as gaining a competitive advantage over the others in the industry. Private and public organizations both are using outsourcing for enhancing their performance (Galetic, et. al., 2011). Research questions are formulated for forming a base for the data collection process. Research questions are mentioned below: Research methodologies cover different methods or techniques which are applied for the collection of data related to the research topic. This research project has discussed the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing to the business. Information has been collected for gaining knowledge of the aspects related to the research topic. These methods or techniques are mentioned below: Research method: It is vital to execute the research program in an effective manner and for this purpose there is a need to gather quality data which will enhance the quality of the research program. Qualitative research method will be used for collecting data for the research project. Qualitative research method will help in collecting quality data by collecting primary and secondary data (Crossman, 2017). Use of primary and secondary sources of data will contribute towards the attainment of the objectives of the research project. Research questions will be used for collecting primary as well as secondary sources of data. Qualitative research method will help in collecting information related to the behavior patterns, data related to needs of the users and human experience (Quick & Hall, 2015). Research approaches: Qualitative research approach will be applied for the collection of quality data related to the research program. A qualitative approach is an effective approach which will help in collecting quality data. The qualitative approach provides quality data which helps in enhancing the knowledge related to the reasons, opinions and different aspects related to the research topic (Crossman, 2017). Primary and secondary sources of data collection sum up qualitative approach which forms a base for the reliability and authenticity of the research project. The questionnaire will be prepared and distributed among the employees for collecting information. Different journals, articles and internet sources will be used for collecting secondary source of information (Thomas, 2015). Data collection: Data collection is an important aspect which ensures that the research is being executed in a proper manner. Quality data can be collected with the application of primary and secondary sources of data collection. This data will help in the completion of the research project in a successful manner. Primary data can be understood as the raw data which a researcher directly collects from the respondents for gaining understanding (Smith, 2015). Primary sources are used for collecting first-hand information. The questionnaire will be used for collecting raw form of data directly from the respondents.   Secondary data can be explained as the second-hand information which other researchers have collected for performing their researches (Johnston, 2014). This form of data ensures that reliable data is presented for enhancing the quality of the research project. For the collection of secondary data, journal articles and internet sources will be used. Data will be collected which is of after 2010. This is done for ensuring that the updated or current data is presented in the research (Turkenburg & McAuley, 2013). Procedure and technique: time has acted as a limitation in this research. Due to lack of availability of time, random sampling technique will be applied in this research program. Random sampling will help in the analysis and interpretation of the data in a better manner within the limited timeframe. Random sampling technique is a sampling technique which provides equal chances of being selected to every sample of the population (Nishad & Sankar, 2016). Strategy: a strategy needs to be adopted for the purpose of conducting the research in an effective manner. This strategy ensures that the research is conducted properly and covering every aspect. For the execution of this research program, systematic approach will be used. This systematic approach will ensure that the research is covering every aspect of the research by ensuring that nothing important has been left out. Different activities of the research will be conducted in a sequence and an action plan has been prepared for conducting the research in a sequence (Nirmala, 2013). Targeted market: target market is set for identification of the source from where information related to the research project is to be collected. Primary and secondary sources of data collected have been selected for collecting information. Primary data will be collected from the employees working in international organizations. This information will help in forming a view related to the research. Secondary data will be collected from the internet sources, newspapers, books and articles. Choice: Different alternatives have been analyzed for the purpose of selection of the most suitable or appropriate alternative for conducting this research project. Ethical consideration: ethical aspects help in the identification of right and wrong. This research project has been conducted by following the values and principles for conducting the research within the ethical boundaries. Confidentiality will be maintained for protecting the confidential information of the respondents. Presentation of data will be done in fair manner for ensuring that fair views of the respondents have been presented. Few limitations have been identified which have acted as issues for this research project. Dealing with these limitations in an effective manner is required for the execution of the research program properly. Time available for the execution of this research was limited. For coping with this limitation, random sampling technique has been used. Lack of resources is another limitation which affects the execution process of this research program. For the completion of the research program in a successful manner, different resources need to be applied or used. Lack of access to data also affected the data collection process of this research program. Deciding the topic for the research Decision will be made regarding the selection of the research topic. Plans will be formulated for preparing guidelines for the execution of the research program. Implementation of the plan will be done as per the plans formulated. This phase of the research project include collection of data with the application of primary and secondary sources of data collection. The analysis will be done on the collected data for forming the basis for conclusion and recommendations. Interpretation of the collected data Analysed data will be used for interpretation of the results. The conclusion will be based on the analyzed and interpreted data and recommendations will be provided. Thus, from the aspects discussed above, it can be concluded that the role and importance of outsourcing is increasing in this dynamic business environment. There are various aspects which are responsible for the increasing use of this concept. This report has discussed these aspects along with the aspects affecting the performance of the business adversely. This report has discussed a summary of the literature review as well as different methods or techniques for the collection of data related to the research topic. Limitations have been discussed in this report which could have affected the execution process of this research project. Crossman, A., 2017, â€Å"An Overview of Qualitative Research Methods†, ThoughtCo. Fita, M., 2012, â€Å"6 Reasons Why Social Networking is So Popular These Days†, Brandiginity. Galetic, L., Aleksic, A. & Klindzic, M., 2011, â€Å"Outsourcing and Downsizing As Modern Organizational Trends in Croatian Companies†, The Business Review, Cambridge, Vol. 17, Number 1. Johnston, M. P., 2014, â€Å"Secondary Data Analysis: A Method of which the Time Has Come†, Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Libraries, pp. 619 –626. Mirza, A. A., 2012, â€Å"The Impacts of Outsourcing on the organisation and economy- A critical Look on Ericsson Transformation Planning Outsourced to India†, Blekinge Institute of Technology. Nirmala, Y., 2013, â€Å"Chapter four: research design†, Language in India, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 102. Nishad, P.M. & Sankar, S., 2016, â€Å"Efficient random sampling statistical method to improve big data compression ratio and pattern matching techniques for compressed data†, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 179. Quick, J. & Hall, S., 2015, â€Å"Part three: The quantitative approach†, Journal of perioperative practice, vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 192 Smith, N.L., 2015, â€Å"Using Action Design Research to Research and Develop Evaluation Practice†, New Directions for Evaluation, vol. 2015, no. 148, pp. 57-72. Sturgeon, T. & Gereffi, G., 2011, â€Å"Measuring Success in the Global Economy: International Trade, Industrial Upgrading, and Business Function Outsourcing in Global Value Chains†,  Survey of Current Business, 91(2), pp.33–59, 61–66. Tayauova, G., 2012, â€Å"Advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing: analysis of outsourcing practices of Kazakhstan banks†, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, pp. 188 – 195. Thomas, J. A., 2015, â€Å"Using unstructured diaries for primary data collection†, Nurse researcher, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 25. Turkenburg, J. P. & McAuley, K. E., 2013, â€Å"Data collection and processing†, Acta Crystallographica Section D, vol. 69, no. 7, pp. 1193-1194. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Outsourcing Business Functions Discuss About The Advantages Outsourcing Business Functions? Outsourcing of the business functions is among the effective actions in the contemporary businesses, given that many organization will attempt to utilize each one of these enhancements of technology, techniques as well as technologies to provide competent and competitive products which will gratify the customers (Alonso, Clifton and Dà ­az-Fuentes, 2015). This predicament is usable to both partners required, given that each could concentrate on their resources to build the core competencies and prospective directions of the activity. This could result in the decrease of the costs on the production of the final product since every part function on it, through its ideal without using off the additional effort along with investing for the understanding of the new activity (Alonso, Clifton and Dà ­az-Fuentes, 2015). In this study it focuses on the advantages and the disadvantages of outsourcing the business functions. The purpose of this research is to provide an insight and a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing of the business functions (Carnahan and Somaya, 2013). The study evaluate on whether the advantages expected from outsourcing maintenance activities are more than the associated disadvantages. This research has focused on the advantages and the disadvantages of the outsourcing business functions. The research will provide the reader to a much clearer understanding on the issue of outsourcing of the business functions. Definition of the outsourcing: according to power et al. outsourcing consists of two terms that are out and sourcing that describes â€Å"the act of transferring of the work, obligations and decision rights to someone else’’ (Carnahan and Somaya, 2013). Organization need to source out work given that still others who could get it done much cheaper, quicker as well as much better. In the right context and the deployed shrewdly, outsourcing of the business function could be a god way for the organization to improve on the efficiencies and bolter on the bottom line. The following are some of the advantages of outsourcing of the business function. Streamline of the cost of business: The primary cause that explains why the business outsource the company function would be to decrease on their cost of the procedures. Outsourcing lowers on the cost through capitalising the comparative benefits along with economies of scale which is common in the sectors (Chen, Hong, Jiang and Kubik, 2013). It is often expected that outsourcing can conservatively generate twenty percent saving on the cost to the enterprise operations (Carnahan and Somaya, 2013). This may be due to that outsourcing has a comparative cost benefit on the labor. Improvement of the business flexibility: as a result of outsourcing of the business functions, organization could enhance their services via taking the benefit of the time zone differentials. Focus on the core business: the outsourcing of the business enterprise functions allows organization to concentrate on their know-how along with the central business (Chen, Hong, Jiang and Kubik, 2013). Whenever a busi ness go outside their expertise, they enter into the business functions and the procedures which they might not have the expertise relating to and could possibly take away from the primary focus (Creon, Grover and Teng, 2017). An illustration, on this is when a grocery store choose in introducing the florist to their operation. Should there be too much concentrate on the section of the company they lose the focus to their primary business that is the grocery. Enhanced quality: This may be accomplished by using the vendors that have much more understanding so they have specialized procedures. Certainly this may be trough contracting out a cleaning program (Chen, Hong, Jiang and Kubik, 2013). An outside service might have the resources for employing, appropriate training in addition to facility inspections that could have never been offered in the event that these types of features were kept in the house. Focus: certain business could opt to outsource on their enterprise functions to be able to get rid of the disruptions in addition to force themselves to focus on their core competencies. This might be attractive advantageous especially to the start-up firms (Creon, Grover and Teng, 2017). Outsourcing has the capacity to free the entrepreneur from the cumbersome as well as the time intensive duties, for instance the payroll, to ensure that one can possibly focus on the sales along with the marketing actions which are most suitable to the business especially in the long run development and also success of the business (Gonzalez, Llopis and Gasco, 2013). The things get done quickly. The business has a tendency to outsource the functions since it get the work performed much quicker. In the event an enterprise continues to be working with the limited number of the staff members, you may get things completed whole faster by passing time consuming activity to the freelancer or maybe the external businesses. Furthermore, organization will continue to work around the clock (Gonzalez, Llopis and Gasco, 2013). This really is a major benefit of outsourcing the digital work overseas which will be a substantial difference to encounter in times of the time zones and the holidays. Higher customer satisfaction scores: The seller agreements usually guarantee a given level of the quality as well as service which could be harder to handle in house. An example, is an employee who has been called in sick, it is looking to the responsibility of the sellers in complying with the replacement to the contractual agreement. The business competitive advantage through outsourcing the functions. It could bring the flexibility to a business, by turning on the fixed costs into the variable costs as well as freeing up the capital (Gonzalez, Llopis and Gasco, 2013). Moreover, outsourcing could offer the business the edge especially when adapting to change the market conditions. Additionally, through outsourcing of the business functions it has been found that it can free the business to focus on its strengths (Gonzalez, Llopis and Gasco, 2013). This can be beneficial to the business hence allowing the employees to concentrate on the main duties and on the future strategies. Increase of the productivity:   outsourcing of the business functions have been found to increase of the productivity especially through delegating of the functions which are not in your business core competencies (Willcocks and Cullen, 2013). This will enable the business to increase on the complete advantages and generate an increased return on the productivity. The risk sharing: certainly one of important facet of determing the outcome of the campaign is the risk analysis. Outsourcing numerous business function parts could assist the business to shift particular responsibilities to the outsourced vendor (Rochester and Rochester, 1995). Given that the vendor who is outsourced is a specialist, they could anticipate the risk mitigating element significantly better. Cost saving: cost saving can be an important aspect of outsourcing the business functions. The cost saving could offset, setup or the production costs which are associated to the office space (Creon, Grover and Teng, 2017). These savings frees up the resources which could be used for other functions in the business. Loss of the managerial control: when an organization sign on an agreement to have another company execute the function of a division or a particular task, you are transforming both the administration and the control of that function over to the other business (Willcocks and Cullen, 2013). You should have an agreement, but the managerial control might remain in an additional organization. The company which you are outsourcing the solutions will never be related to the similar specifications along with the mission which drives your enterprise (Caruth, Haden and Caruth, 2013). They will be driven to making of the profit from the solutions which they are providing to you in addition to the other business like yours. Hidden expenses: the business would probably sign an agreement with the outsourcing firm that they might cover the particulars of services which they might be offering. Anything that is not offered in the contract could be the basis for extra charges (Liu and Wang, 2014). F urthermore, it is possible to experience the legal fees to be able to maintain legal representation to evaluate the agreements which you will sign. Lack of confidentiality: This is one of the primary issue with outsource the business function. The business needs to forego some form of privacy over their primary business secrets (Liu and Wang, 2014). Furthermore, the company must pass certain data such as the login details, the customer information along with the critical information of the processes of the business and safety measures that are undertaken, to permit the outsourcing firm to implement on the task in hand (Liu and Wang, 2014). Furthermore, the outsourcing organization will also be analysed for their internal security procedures which might result to data risk which can be stolen or even a fraud might be committed which leads to the loss of reputation along with the confidence of the client. This risk is high especially in which the financial data continues to be handl ed for example the banking information or maybe the credit. Poor customer experience: an actual and practical danger of the disadvantage of outsourcing on the business function is the loss in the customer assurance. There is developing variety of the businesses that are looking to offshore are meant to the foreign staff at a cost that could be a portion to exactly what the native employees gets (Caruth, Haden and Caruth, 2013). Even with the extensive training acquired, it has been determined that the customers possess poor experiences particularly when they are speaking with the foreign English speaking specialists. This might result in confusion along with misconception. Decrease of quality: the quality could acts as each a benefit along with a disadvantage within this discussion. The outsourced enterprise features, unless there is certainly a stiff quality check in place, they are able to quickly lessen on the advantages which a business initially saw in the whole idea of the outsourcing (Liu and Wang, 2014). Since all the outsourcing contracts have been drawn up in advance and there is not much room especially to the leveraging of the price, outsourcing company might resort to less than legal techniques to permit them generate an income. Risk of the conflict of interest:   before an organization sign on the outsourcing agreement, it is important to keep in mind that the service provider could currently be managing similar account or even the competitor’s ones (Liu and Wang, 2014). An outsourcing service provider will aim at handling many customer as possibly can. It may be difficult to know who their client are even after an extensive research and due diligence has been made (Gobble, 2013). The service providers are bound to other non-disclosure agreement with the other clients. One cannot compel them to disclose whether they are managing the other competitors. This can pose a risk to the business which could lead being used by the competitor (Schniederjans, Schniederjans and Schniederjans, 2015). Any data that is given to the service provider it could be used against the business one way or another without having knowledge of it (Gobble, 2013). Risk of exposure to the confidential data:   trust can become one of the major issue when outsourcing services since the arrangement entails sharing of the information which is confidential (Gobble, 2013). The non-Disclosure agreements are some of the usual set of the document that are used for enforcing it and they can become logistical inconvenience. A bad publicity and the ill-will: The word outsourcing could bring to mind various thing to different individuals. In case one lives in a community that has an outsourcing organization and they employ ones friends and neighbors, outsourcing is good (Kotlarsky, Scarbrough and Oshri, 2014). In case these individuals lost their jobs since they have been shipped across the state or across the world, outsourcing could bring a bad reputation. If the business outsource their operations, morale could suffer from the remaining workforce. Language limitations: In the event that the client call center is outsourced to another country which converse a complete different language, there could possibly be levels of the discontent for clients dealing with the language barriers of someone who has distinct accent (Kotlarsky, Scarbrough and Oshri, 2014). Organizational knowledge: a worker who may have recently been outsourced might not have the same comprehending and enthusiasm for the business as comparison to the regular employee (Dolgui and Proth, 2013). There may be the potential that an outsourced staff member would interact with the client compared with being as knowledgeable of the business which may result to the negative client experience. Legal compliance and security: it is critical that problems in relation to the legal compliance along with security are handled in a formal documentation. The processes that are outsourced needs to be managed to be able to make sure that there is diligence with the legal confor mity along with the system security (Dolgui and Proth, 2013). An illustration might be the information technology function and having an outsourced staff utilize their access to the confidential customer data for their very own gains. Staff layoffs: outsourcing usually lead to the need to the decrease in the degree of the staff. Except if it might be organized via attrition, layoffs are unavoidable (Wuyts, Rindfleisch and Citrin, 2015). This is very difficult at the best and if this is not handled well, it could have an adverse impact on the remaining staff (Dolgui and Proth, 2013). Additionally, when an organization is researching vendors to outsource it is important to reflect on your particular requirements and get at least three requests for the proposal to make sure that the enterprise is getting the best value for their money . Outsourcing of the business functions has become one of the widely used contemporary business practices. However, it has both benefits and drawbacks.   While the character of the work in which the organization operates and aims that it set could change, outsourcing could change on as well as bring both benefits and risk to the client organization. From the analysis discussed above on the benefits and drawback of the outsourcing, it is obvious that the practices of outsourcing the business functions are not similar to all the organization. Several aspect can be learnt from this literature. If a company is small and has limited resources, then they need to outsource. Nonetheless, it is important to note that the outsourcing activities cannot always ensure that common benefits such as the cost reduction are achieved. Alonso, J.M., Clifton, J. and Dà ­az-Fuentes, D., 2015. Did new public management matter? An empirical analysis of the outsourcing and decentralization effects on public sector size. Public Management Review, 17(5), pp.643-660. Carnahan, S. and Somaya, D., 2013. Alumni effects and relational advantage: the impact on outsourcing when a buyer hires employees from a supplier's competitors. Academy of Management Journal, 56(6), pp.1578-1600. Caruth, D.L., Haden, S.S.P. and Caruth, G.D., 2013. Critical factors in human resource outsourcing. Journal of Management Research, 13(3), p.1. Chen, J., Hong, H., Jiang, W. and Kubik, J.D., 2013. Outsourcing mutual fund management: firm boundaries, incentives, and performance. The Journal of Finance, 68(2), pp.523-558. Creon, M.J., Grover, V. and Teng, J.T., 2017. Theoretical Perspectives on the Outsourcing of Information Systems. In Outsourcing and Offshoring Business Services (pp. 25-52). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. Dolgui, A. and Proth, J.M., 2013. Outsourcing: definitions and analysis. International Journal of Production Research, 51(23-24), pp.6769-6777. Gobble, M.M., 2013. Outsourcing innovation. Research-Technology Management, 56(4), pp.64-67. Gonzalez, R., Llopis, J. and Gasco, J., 2013. Information systems offshore outsourcing: managerial conclusions from academic research. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 9(2), pp.229-259. Kotlarsky, J., Scarbrough, H. and Oshri, I., 2014. Coordinating expertise across knowledge boundaries in offshore-outsourcing projects: The role of codification. Management Information Systems Quarterly, 38(2), pp.607-627. Liu, S. and Wang, L., 2014. Understanding the impact of risks on performance in internal and outsourced information technology projects: The role of strategic importance. International Journal of Project Management, 32(8), pp.1494-1510. Rochester, J.H. and Rochester, H., 1995, September. Advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing. In Professional Communication Conference, 1995. IPCC'95 Proceedings. Smooth sailing to the Future., IEEE International (pp. 77-82). IEEE. Schniederjans, M.J., Schniederjans, A.M. and Schniederjans, D.G., 2015. Outsourcing and insourcing in an international context. Routledge. Willcocks, L. and Cullen, S., 2013. Intelligent IT outsourcing. Routledge. Wuyts, S., Rindfleisch, A. and Citrin, A., 2015. Outsourcing customer support: The role of provider customer focus. Journal of Operations Management, 35, pp.40-55.

Business Management & Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Management & Decision Making - Essay Example Strategies can be complicated and the decision-making process has to consider many factors. Ryanair is one such low-cost carrier that entered the market as pioneers in the budget airline industry and adopted a classical airline business model focusing on customer service. Their strategies in different areas like market segmentation, e-relationship with customers, marketing communication, their distinction in offering or abstaining from on-board and ground services have reached them this position. Ryanair, the Dublin based carrier, started its operations in 1991 on the very successful, Southwest Airlines Low Cost Leadership Model. Like most European flights, this airline offers a point-to-point rather than hub service. It offers no frills like seat allocation, meals or frequent flyer programs (SD, 2006). It aims to turnaround flights in 25 minutes and they have the shortest routes. Ryanair’s CEO is an accountant by training but an entrepreneur by inclination and he has amply demonstrated this ability in the success of this airline (Box & Byus, 2007). He has gone against the trade unions, the government officials and the competitors but he has achieved dramatic growth and profitability in this industry. Ryanair flies only Boeing 737s and is currently facing challenges escalating fuel costs, intense competition and regulatory framework in the UK. Despite these challenges, Ryanair has been able to create its own market due to its strategic decision making process. Success in marketing can be achieved by matching the organizational capabilities with the requirements of the marketplace. This matching is based on market segmentation. Expectation based segmentation is a powerful marketing tool in the services sector because it provides knowledge for customer identification, which aids better customer service (Diaz-Martin, 2000). They can tailor their actions to suit the individual requirements. Ryanair followed the expectation based

ACID and Normalization Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ACID and Normalization - Assignment Example Equally, Isolation states that the concurrent occurrence of multiple transactions should not impact each other’s transactions. Finally, Durability guarantees that any modifications to the database are not lost. Normalization is a method of reducing or removing data redundancies in the database. Four goals are attained after normalization. First, there is the reduction of the number of duplicated data in the database. Additionally, there is ordering of data into logical groupings in such a way that each and every group describes a small part of the complete data. Thirdly, there is the building of a database in which manipulation and access to data is rapid and proficient, while still maintaining the integrity of the stored data. Lastly, the data is organized such that one can edit and make changes in one part of the data without affecting other parts. In this exercise, normalization of the database up to the third normal form is achieved. In addition, there is an ERD (entity-relation diagram) and an Oracle database with execution of SQL statements using PHPMYADMIN. The disadvantages of normalization include difficulty and increased costs required to implement, and extra skill requirement to offer functional views and maintain the database. In addition, extra skills are needed to create OLAP

Discuss the extent to which regulatory reform, prompted by the failure Essay

Discuss the extent to which regulatory reform, prompted by the failure of Enron, has been successful by reference to the financial crisis and more recent developments - Essay Example According to the Federal securities law, the financial statement of any listed company should be certified by an auditor. In case of Enron, it gave much attention the outside audits. The independent auditor of Enron was Arthur Andersen who was taken into justice charges due to the destruction of documents activities. Enron collapsed not due to it was a big organization but the main reason was that it was shown as much bigger than it really was. Publicly traded companies need to publish the information related to their financial statement but in case o9f Enro9n, some imaginary transactions were shown between the parent company and its subsidiaries that covered the true financial position of the firm (Jickling, 2002). It was the fault of the board of directors to oversee the issues in corporate management to protect the stakeholders’ interest. In the year 1999, the board of directors ignored a conflict of interest to permit the CFO in creating private partnerships. But the transactions that were involved in the partnerships included losses and debts which had a bad impact on the reported profit of Enron. The collapse of the company raises the concern about the capability of directors and bill was passed to question any unauthorized dealings done by the corporate managers (Gudikunst, 2003). The core business of Enron was energy and it was involved in trading of derivative contracts which were based on the prices of gas, oil and electricity. These types of contracts allowed the buyers to hedge the risk that was caused by increase or decrease in energy prices. As the market in which the company traded were highly unstable thus there were very little information available about the actual financial condition of Enron other than which was in the financial statement. Thus the buyers were influenced by the financial statement without knowing the actual fact and traded speculatively which was a high risky activity for Enron (Rantanen, 2007). The main reason behind the

How did the recent financial crisis affect Financial Markets and Essay - 1

How did the recent financial crisis affect Financial Markets and institutions - Essay Example Causes of recent crisis The most immediate cause of the credit crisis was the bursting of the US housing bubble (Almendarez , â€Å"The Financial Crisis and a Fragile Global Economy†). There was a sharp rise in the value of the real estates in several countries which included the advanced economies of the world. Various countries including the largest world economy were running high and growing â€Å"current account deficits† (Obstfeld & Rogoff, â€Å"Global Imbalances and the Financial Crisis: Products of Common Causes†). Buoyed by the booming housing market there was an excessive rise in the leverage level especially in the consumer market of Britain and US and various global financial entities. Some noted economists like Greenspan argue that global imbalances led to the financial fiasco. Again there are others like Taylor who discards this view. The progressive deregulation of the financial markets coupled with an ineffective supervisory oversight is also said to be one of the reasons that aggravated the crisis. There are contradictions regarding the link between the global financial turmoil and global imbalances. ... balances with easily available foreign money facilitated deferral of crucial policy decisions (Obstfeld & Rogoff, â€Å"Global Imbalances and the Financial Crisis: Products of Common Causes†). To make gains from the boom in the housing markets the lenders extended adjustable rate mortgages (ARM) to borrowers with a wrong credit history. All this was well as long as the Fed kept the interest rates low but with the hike in the rate of interest the borrowers were unable to meet their rising instalments resulting in delinquencies and loan foreclosures. The value of the mortgage backed securities fell sharply due to the sudden delinquencies. The investment in these securities were not limited to advanced economies rather to make gains from the housing boom the investors across the globe rushed to invest in these mortgage backed instruments. Therefore a fall in the value of these instruments sent ripples across the worldwide financial markets plummeting the global stock indices. Imp act of crisis on money and capital markets The issue of asset backed commercial paper (ABCP) peaked in July 2007 with a sharp drop in the subsequent months. The financial institutions like IKB Deutsche Industriebank AG were not able to roll over their ABCP investments. There was a sharp rise in the spread between the â€Å"ABCP rate and overnight interest swap rate† which is actually a measure of the liquidity and default risk of ABCP. The impact of the crisis was first seen in the global capital markets. In June & July 2007 there was a downgrade of the mortgage backed securities from AAA to A+. This downgrade was significantly large as the ratings downgrade normally happens in single notches. OECD labelled these ratings downgrade to be unexpected and this exposed the credit rating agencies to

Palliative care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Palliative care - Essay Example Twycross (2003) noted that palliative care helps in the treatment of social, emotional, spiritual, and practical problems that the illnesses bring up. Palliative care is advantageous because it can be done the same time with treatments targeted to cure the diseases, that is, when the disease is diagnosed, during treatment, at follow-up stage and at end of life stage. Health care providers such as nurses, doctors, registered dietitians, psychologists, social workers, chaplains, and massage therapists give palliative care. The exercise takes place in cancer centers, hospitals, long-term home care agencies and other care facilities. This essay involves a case scenario where Mark who is 56 years old is referred to the palliative care team because he has many serious illnesses that require extra care from the medical specialists. Mark was admitted due to the post haemodialysis where he was unwell, he also had restless legs and was also vomiting. Mark has a history of hypertension end stage renal failure on haemodialysis, prostate cancer not responding to chemotherapy, a diabetic toe wound, and Type 2 Diabetes. This essay is going to demonstrate a critical understanding of the external influences, which have a direct effect on end of life care and the strategies employed by the practitioners to facilitate the delivery of quality palliative care services. The essay will further evaluate a variety of physical, social, and psychological factors that affect the client’s experience in relation to palliative care. According to the case scenario, the external influences that have a direct effect on End of life care for Mark are the general weaknesses due attacks by dangerous diseases such as renal failure, type 2 diabetes and prostate cancer, which is not responding to chemotherapy. Mitchell (2008) defined End of life care as the care

Comparison & Contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Comparison & Contrast - Essay Example ertain issues, he is mostly talking in general terms, on the other hand Harper lays out a clear plan as to what his party intends to do when it comes into power. It is important for political parties to explain just what they intend to do once they come into power and how they will go about achieving it, as well as mention what they have done in the past, this instils confidence in the voters that they are ready to run the country, as well as shows the commitment of the political party to the voters. The fact that a political party is not only committed to gaining power, but is sincere about working for the people should be made apparent to the voters as much as possible. When the leader of a political party simply talks in general and vague terms, the voters may feel disappointed because they do not find any solution to the problems that they face and they do not feel that their issues are being taken seriously. On the other hand, when it is shown to them just how serious the politi cal party is, by illustrating not only past performance, but also insistence on mentioning the party platform again and again, it shows the voters that the said political party and its leader are seriously considering the solutions to the problems the citizens face, be they economical or social. When it comes to explaining the steps that would be taken by the political party when it gets elected, it is easy to incorporate the message in campaign speeches. Interestingly enough, both leaders also agree that there is a need to bring Canadians closer and to build bridges between people. However, again, Layton is vague about how his party would accomplish it, even though he states his party is â€Å"ready for this change†, Harper is clear that it is high taxes, high spending, high unemployment, and high mortgages that creates resentment and divisiveness in the public. Interestingly, here Harper does not rely on any evidence to back his claims up. But on the other hand, he does lay out, and in quite a lot of detail too, how his party would achieve a more cohesive Canada – by keeping the taxes low and by creating more jobs. It is noteworthy that when a political party has not only planned a policy, but has also been running it with success, the voters have more confidence in it. Harper lays out the means through which the jobs will be created. The latter mentions the Economic Action Plan that his previous government has implemented and which resulted in job creation before and, thus, proven its worth. It is ingenious of Harper to use the success of his Economic Action Plan as a bid for reelection, because the people have seen the fruits the plan has borne, and, thereby, would be more amenable to his stance than that of others who have not laid out any concrete plans. It is also a good strategy to mention all the pamphlets and other written material available that will keep the voters more informed as well. Harper, in

Global HRM (BUS 303) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Global HRM (BUS 303) - Essay Example This impacts the HR planning in the domain of cultural diversity and cross cultural dimensions because the workforce in today’s world is highly consist of culturally diverse employees (Brewster and Harris). The implications of HRM in the context of Hoftede’s model of cultural dimensions become vast in the domain of humanistic and cultural diversity. The HRM managers are required to have knowledge regarding to every culture which exist in the workforce of organization including individualism and collectivism, power distance, orientation and gender dominance (Brewster and Harris). In Trompenaars’ model, several differences are illuminated in order to create a balance in the workforce which is the responsibility of HRM (Youssef). These differences include universalism and particularism, individualism and collectivism, specific and diffused, and inner directed and outer directed which varies from culture to culture. HRM managers in the international context must acknowledge these differences on certain circumstances in concordance with the culturally diverse workforce (Brewster and Harris). The GLOBE model proposes several cultural aspects which must be understood by international HRM managers and HR planning. These aspects include diversity in humane orientation, assertiveness, avoidance of uncertainty and performance orientation (Brewster and Harris). International HRM is the contemporary issue which mainly deals with the cultural aspects because of the incorporation of cross cultural workforce. Cultural studies and models must be implied by each HRM manager in conformity with the culture of its workforce by which the deliverance of successful HRM can be

The Formation of Rocks in Ireland Essay Example for Free

The Formation of Rocks in Ireland Essay It is the most widespread type of intrusive igneous rock at the earth’s surface. Igneous rocks form when molten rock is erupted at a volcano and then cools and hardens to form solid rock (Holden, 2012). Granite rock is created when magma is forced between other rocks deep within the earths crust. The magma then cools due to the drop in temperature and crystallizes in caverns deep within the earth. The molten rock cools quite slowly over time, which allows the crystals to grow and develop inside the molten rock. Granite is transported to the surface of the earth by plate tectonics. The collision of continental plates moves the granite from deep within the crust of the earth to the surface. Granite is found in Ireland in the Wicklow Mountains. (http://www. talktalk. co. uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0015252. html) Granite is distinguished by three features. Firstly, granite is composed of large mineral grains that bind tightly together. Secondly, granite always contains the minerals of quartz and feldspar. (http://www. windows2universe. org/earth/geology/ig_granite. html) These minerals give granite a light complexion, generally a pink or white colour. Thirdly, almost all granite is igneous and plutonic. This is because it formed from a fluid state, which was magma and it formed in a huge, deeply buried body also known as a pluton (http://geology. about. com/od/more_igrocks/a/granite. htm). Basalt Basalt is a common extrusive igneous rock. Basalt is commonly dark in colour. It has a fine-grained mineral texture which is due to the rapid cooling of the molten rock after it is erupted at a volcano. The rapid cooling occurs due to being exposed to the cooling air or water on the surface of the earth. Holden, 2012) Basalt is formed generally in three different environments: Oceanic divergent plate boundaries, oceanic hotspots and at hotspots and mantle plumes beneath continents. Basalt forms at oceanic divergent plate boundaries at mid-ocean ridges. At mid-ocean ridges convection currents pull the plates apart creating a rift valley. This allows hot rock from deep within the earths mantle to melt and erupt onto the seafloor forming bas alt. (Honan, 2011) At oceanic hotspots basalt is also formed. Hotspots are areas in the cente of tectonic plates where hot plumes of magma force there way to the surface. Basalt is formed at these hotspots when an eruption occurs on the ocean floor. If the eruptions are repeated enough times the basalt can build the volcanic cone larger and larger to form an island. The Hawaiian Islands are an example of this. (http://geology. com/rocks/basalt. shtml) Basalt is also formed in a continental environment where mantle plumes or hotspots can deliver large quantities of magma up to the earths surface. These eruptions generally form from fissures or vents and they produce some of the largest basalt flows on the continents. (http://geology. com/rocks/basalt. html) Basalt can be found in Ireland in the Giant’s Causeway in County Antrim. Limestone Limestone is a sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rocks are created by the processes of chemical or physical weathering . The sediment which is created from the processes of weathering can accumulate over time and eventually build up and harden to form solid rock. (Holden, 2012) Limestone in Ireland formed about 300 to 350 million years in warm shallow seas when Ireland lay close to the equator. Over millions of years the bodies of dead marine creatures such as shellfish and coral fell to the seafloor and built up on the seabed. Mud and sand particles from rivers also fell to the seafloor and added to the sediment. Over time the weight of the accumalting sediment compressed the sediment. Water and air was pushed from the pore spaces and calcium carbonate from the sediment binded the rock together. The process by which loose grains of sediment are compressed to form solid rock is called lithification. (Honan, 2011) Chemical weathering and eroison of limestone rock produced unusual landscapes in Ireland called karst landscapes. An example of a karst landscape in Ireland is the Burren in County Clare. Honan and Mulholland , 2007) Sandstone Sandstone is an inorganically formed sedimentary rock. It forms when particles of igneous, metamorphic and other types of sedimentary rocks are transported by rivers and gather on the seafloor or in lakes. The sediment layers then become compacted and over time cemented together by silica to form sandstone rock. (Honan S. , 2011) Sandstone in Ireland was formed 400-350 millio n years ago when Ireland was situated 30 degrees south of the equator. During this period Ireland was experiencing some very dry desert conditions. Many large rivers flowed across the dry landscape carrying the sediments which over time formed Old Red Sandstone which can now be found in the Cork and Kerry Mountains. (Honan and Mulholland , 2007) Schist Schist is a metamorphic rock. Metamorphic rocks are produced from existing sedimentary or igneous rocks usually as a result of partial melting and recrystallization. The changes normally occur where there is high pressure such as under hundreds of metres of bedrock or where rock is crushed at the meeting point of tectonic plates. Many metamorphic rocks have a layered structure due to this intense external pressure. Metamorphic rocks are often harder and more resistant than sedimentary rocks. (Holden, 2012) Schist in Ireland was formed through regional metamorphism. This is when large areas of rock covering many thousands of square kilometres are metamorphsed. Schist in Ireland was formed about 400 million years ago during the Caledonian folding period. The rocks changed due to huge pressure on the rocks created by plate movement. This deformed the rocks and forced them deep into the earth’s crust where they were heated to temperatures up to 1,000 degrees.

Willy Russell in his play Educating Rita Essay Example for Free

Willy Russell in his play Educating Rita Essay Educating Rita by Willy Russell explores the relationship between the two characters involved in the play, Frank and Rita over a time span, of several months. A variety of themes are explored as Rita, a working class Liverpudlian, aspires to a higher social and academic level so that she may have choices, with Frank, a disillusioned and failed poet as her teacher. As Rita progresses, Russell uses a range of dramatic techniques and tensions between the two characters to explore themes of the personal, class, relationships, gender, dependence, superiority and education. This produces an effective and dramatic piece with clear character and plot development. The play could be staged in a number of ways, and when considering how staging would best reflect the themes and passage of time, I must consider set, costume and lighting, as well as how each of the characters should play their part. The play focuses mainly on the relationship between Frank and Rita, and the structure shows a clear crossover within their respective roles. Frank is initially the dominant male with more knowledge and experience than Rita; he is the well-educated and confident lecturer to whom Rita comes to for help to become educated. By the end of the play the roles are reversed, with Rita as the dominant educated character, with every option available to her, whereas Frank, who has turned to drink, is barely able to hold down his job. Within this structure, the interaction between the characters explores the themes mentioned above, which have both significance for them, as well as for the audience who are able to identify with the issues discussed. The way that the characters change as the plot develops shows what effect their different experiences have upon them, and how they shape the people that they have become by the end of the play. By choosing two scenes from different points in the play we can see how themes generated in an early part of the play are later developed as the characters progress. I chose Act one, scene two to explore first, as it is after the two characters have already been established. Their behaviour reflects certain themes as the second scene begins. There is also a significant incident involving poetry Frank has written, which has a link  with the later scene I have chosen, truly reflecting how the two characters have changed. While the first scene establishes the main themes of education and aspiration on Ritas part, Scene two really begins to explore such themes as well as exploring others to a higher degree. The scene begins in Franks office, as always, with Frank waiting for Rita to arrive, (he) glances at his watch. He is interrupted by a noise at the door, which turns out to be Rita oiling his study door for him, as she has noticed that it needs it. The way in which she comments, knew you wouldnt get round to it establishes the theme of gender stereotypes running through some of the play, and conveys the idea to the audience of Ritas housewifely mentality and motherly instinct, with Franks stereotypical male nature of allowing her to do the work for him. As Rita then proceeds to look around Franks office, and he watches her, it is clear how he views her from how he watches Slightly amused which indicates that he is entertained by her, and clearly views her as naive and unsophisticated when compared to him. The way Frank responds to her influences how the audience would respond, as the majority watching a professional production of this play would probably identify with Frank rather than Rita. Assuming it is a professional production, the majority of the audience would be middle class. However, although at the start they may identify with Frank, Willy Russells intent as the two characters develop is to challenge the audiences attitudes towards each. The themes of gender and superiority are closely linked here, and run throughout this scene. Typically, Rita, a young and impressionable young women, and Frank, an older educated man with a greater social position, she is naturally inclined to look up to him. Even if they were both middle class and educated, Rita would still probably view him of the superior of the two, and this opinion is reinforced by the mention of Franks girlfriend, Julia. He says she admires him tremendously, and mentions how she cooks and, cares for him. Julia is an ex-student, yet both respond in the same way to Frank, trying in a sense to, mother him and he accepts this, both sexes following their  stereotypical roles. The way Rita sees him as superior in the same sense as Julia brings up the theme of gender conflict, alongside class and social status, and is another reason why Rita sees him as superior and above mundane tasks. After oiling the door, Ritas next action reinforces this relationship. She refuses to sit down in the chair with its back to the door conveys how unsophisticated and insecure she is. The way that Frank offers her his chair, but she refuses with her comment, Youre the teacher shows how she sees their separate roles, with him with a greater status, again introducing the theme of superiority. Rita even feels Franks taste is superior to hers, Thats cos youve got taste. Although Frank has not yet commented how he feels that he is superior to Rita in terms of both education and class, the way he responds to her clearly shows how he feels they are not on equal terms. The fact that Frank is amused by Rita wondering whether or not she has reformed him reflects this, and throughout the scene he uses education as a resource to demonstrate his superiority. Rita is often ignorant of the phrases or words that Frank uses, for example a certain patina and he often corrects her in terms of the words she uses, Foster for Forster. As well as demonstrating through her ignorance of language that she is not like other students, Rita makes it known to the audience that she is not ignorant enough to not realise it. She comments on, the proper students and although it could be taken in terms of her meaning the students who go to the university all the time, without other obligations, she knows that she is in a different situation (she comments in the first scene, Degrees for dishwashers) and is probably comparing herself and her knowledge to theirs. The audience draw comparisons between Rita and Frank in terms of their behaviour and knowledge, and as the scene progresses the audience are made more aware of the different upbringings they must have had. Just before this however, there is a section of the scene in which Russell uses the language of each character to demonstrate their different social status. Rita comments Readin and studyin just after her comments on proper students, and Frank responds with the same phrase, Reading and studying.  The fact that phrase is repeated by Frank in succession makes the audience properly aware of how differently they speak, and Ritas native Liverpool accent is made evident with this clear contrast to Franks more refined voice. The phrase Rita then uses, off me cake which Frank responds to by questioning its meaning, is done so in such a way as that the audience knows he is being sarcastic, yet Rita does not seems to realise immediately. However, when Frank uses the phrase in a sentence of his own, Rita realises how he is being sarcastic, itd sound dead affected again highlighting the difference between them herself. This interaction demonstrates the different upbringing and environment they have been exposed to, and Frank does not only use his gender and age to appear superior, but through sarcasm and superiority in his use of language demonstrates how he knows he is. The themes of social class and education occur once more in Ritas next few speeches. During them, the way she sharpens Franks pencils again reminds the audience of gender stereotyping, the automatic tidying up, or carrying out of tasks that he is perfectly capable of doing himself, as well as showing how she is uneasy. Rita then conveys the sort of education she must have had from the description of her school, and how she was not really allowed to educate herself, which Frank cannot fully understand as someone for whom education has obviously always been available. He does not understand why she could not be different from her friends, and through this we see the gulf between their two upbringings, highlighting the theme of social contrast. Frank then passes her his ashtray to sharpen pencils, but the way she ignores it indicates how preoccupied she is, and how she really does have something important to say. Her ensuing monologue shows how she feels she wants more, is this the absolute maximum I can expect from this livin lark. The activities she speaks of club to go to to distract herself seem so unlikely the activities that Frank would indulge in that it seems as if he must have his life sorted and she is the one floundering, with what she really wants beyond her grasp. Frank cannot resist one more piece of sarcasm at the end of her outburst, to reassert himself as superior, and her wants as pathetic and of no value, you managed to resist another new dress? But Rita again does not realise.  By the end of this section of the scene the audience know a lot more about Rita and her character. It is clear that at the start of her education she appears stereotypical in terms of her gender, but not in terms of who she is and what she aspires to be. This re- establishes the theme of aspiration already suggested as Rita claimed she wanted to learn, Everything. Her speech about knowing how there was always something tapping away in her head, knowing she might have got it wrong indicates prior conflict within herself, but the fact that she has now come to be educated shows how this conflict has been resolved, and education is the way she will be able to become the person she wants to be, and she sees Frank as an example of that person. The conflict will later extend from herself to the rest of her family, and as she becomes alienated from them. The second half of the scene reveals more about Franks feelings and character, not just concentrating on his surface sense of superiority. The next incident explores the theme of conflict between the personal and the impersonal. Frank informs her that to write a good essay she must learn the art of criticism, which is ironic, as ultimately she will learn to criticise, and Frank will be the object of it. The way Frank informs her that good criticism is never subjective, and is almost a science is reflected in Franks character. He does not wish to involve himself, he wishes to remain absolute from his own feelings. Here the theme of the personal is really introduced as the next part of the scene really shows how each character deals with personal early on in the play. Conflict is initiated as it appears Rita is quite intent on dealing with the personal, and Frank has never come across such a view, astounded The way Rita comments on Forster, Sitting up there in his ivory tower encourages the audience to draw parallels between him and Frank, who also wishes to distance himself from the world, using alcohol as his escapism, and is in a sense sitting in his own, tower. He wants no subjectivity or sentimentality, and this is shown in the way he interacts with Rita, using attempts to be witty and sarcasm to evade the personal, as can be observed later in the scene. Throughout the play both characters struggle with the personal, Rita attempting to become distant and Frank to be in touch with his feelings. Before moving onto Franks marriage we see an example of how Frank also follows his stereotype, returning to the theme of gender. He comments of Rita that she has an undisciplined mind, which men often seem to think that that women have, and that they are disorganised and, scatty in general. Rita ignores the comment and immediately moves back to the personal, are you married? Frank answers reluctantly, stalling the question, but Rita refuses to accept this, and continues pressing Frank for personal information. He is reluctant to deal with the personal side of life, however, and when explaining why he broke up with his wife, he uses a reason which he presumes to be clever and witty, but which actually just makes evident to the audience how he is distancing himself from the pain of the break up, and presuming he is above it all. We split up, Rita because of poetry The way in which Frank says she left him for the good of literature and how the result was that he stopped writing at all is a use of dramatic irony, which is lost on Rita, however, and is there for the audiences appreciation. Rita refuses to accept his explanation, however, and even Frank admits they perhaps people do not split up for that reason. The way that that is how he remembers it simply shows that is how it is constructed in his mind, and he has created the fantasy to remove feelings connected with the event. The most obvious contrast between Frank and Rita in his scene is the way they deal with feelings, with Frank refusing to have anything to do with things of a personal nature, and Rita connecting everything to its emotional impact. After dealing with themes largely of a personal and impersonal nature, Russell reverts to the theme of superiority with reference to education, as Rita wishes to look at Franks poetry, but he denies her access of grounds of not having the literary references. This has reference to the theme of the personal also, as Franks poems are clearly very personal to him and he does not wish to show his emotional side to anyone. We next see another side of Frank, however, as Rita praises him, youre great and he says how there is less of him than meets the eye. Through this comment we see how Frank sees himself as somewhat of a fraud, however, Rita does not get the deeper meaning of his reply, she simply admires the way he can construct a  phrase like that, and as often happens in this scene, the audience, understanding Frank, should have one level of meaning, while Rita has another. This also occurs later in the scene, when Frank comments that he would like to take Rita by the hand and, run out of this room forever. Rita thinks he is merely being sarcastic, yet the audience can see the deeper level of meaning in his words, in that he feels trapped and unhappy. Frank appears to Rita the epitome of successful. He is middle class and educated, what she is aspiring to, yet from his reluctance to deal with anything other than scientific or involving feelings the audience can see how he is dissatisfied and in denial over many aspects of his life. Rita does not see this yet however, she merely sees his status as a professor, his sarcasm and evasion as witty tools of a learned man, not yet suspecting that unhappiness is the cause. The end of the scene does revel Rita as different from the common throng however. The audience draw a parallel between a bird she describes, dead out of place our way and her, and by the end of the scene she has even begun to adapt Franks sarcastic tones, doing a parody of an academic question. The audience see that although she s totally different from Frank in terms of class, and education, their relationship has begun to develop over the bond they form. Frank sees in Rita something he has not seen in a student before, and Rita feels that Frank is the kind of tutor she needs. Earlier in the play she refused to accept another one. As the play progresses we see how the themes established early on in the play are developed by Russell through his two characters. They develop through the changes they undergo in their lives as well as the effect they have upon each other, and reflect the themes established at the beginning of the play. As Rita becomes more educated she fulfils her aspirations, leaving her hairdressers job to work in a Bistro and making a successful transaction to the middle classes, whereas Frank degenerates, more and more frequently turning to alcohol. The theme of dependence running throughout the play has begun by the second act to invert, in that whereas Rita was once dependant  on Frank for all her educational needs, the time she spends during the summer at a literacy camp symbolises how she no longer needs to rely on him as much. She has already learnt about the poet Blake, for example, that Frank was planning to teach her about specially. Frank becomes more dependant on her, and as she breaks away, losing her individuality, as he sees it, to become a proper student he regrets ever educating her, and in despair turns to alcohol. As soon as Rita begins to become properly educated the relationship between the two begins to break down, and although class and education are still the main themes, it is no longer the contrast between Frank and Rita in terms of these themes that is evident, but how Rita has risen more to the same social and educational stance. As well as education being an ongoing theme, which changes the outlook of both, contrasting class is also a theme that features largely until the end of the play. Conflict and class, as well as gender conflict are closely linked throughout. At the plays opening it is clear that Frank and Rita are from different social classes. The way Frank uses this to assert his superiority could cause conflict between the two, except for the fact that Rita has accepted she is initially different from Frank, and seems to see his status as a warrant for his behaviour. Rita is obviously eager to learn however, so Frank tries to be tolerant, and as she improves he begins to accept her as more of an equal to him so conflict between the two over class is more minimal than it could be. Within Ritas own circle however, the conflict is obviously rife. As Rita develops as a person, the conflict with her husband and family increases. Her husband even burns her books in protest over her trying to break away from what he feels she should accept as her station in life, He burnt all me books. As Rita becomes more educated, in order for it to have an effect she has to change herself, and a husband feels that she has in a sense betrayed him. Conflict connected with class also occurs later in Act One as Frank and Ritas friendship progresses. Frank invites Rita for dinner at his house, with her husband, Denny. As well as this causing conflict between the married couple, in that Denny refuses to come due to his antipathy to the course and those connected with it, he blames them from distancing him from  Rita, Rita suffers conflict within herself about attending, centred chiefly on the wine she brings. She knows it is the wrong sort after she has bought it, and although it might appear to be a superficial detail, to Rita it symbolizes how little she knows about this kind of society and how to behave in such situations. It demoralizes her and she wonders how she can ever leave her social status and rise to Franks. She decides to not return to the course, however, her mother changes her mind.. Her mother crying and saying there must be better songs to sing (Ritas family and friends had been singing in the pub) really symbolizes how there must be a better life to lead, which encourages Rita to try and aspire to that hope, and so she returns to the course. Rita also experiences much gender conflict within her family. From the first scene Rita mentions how she is expected, at the age of twenty-six to settle down and have a family. Yet she rebels against this idea, even secretly using contraception, and her refusal to accept what her husband sees as her role eventually leads to the breakdown of her marriage, which allows her to, find herself even further. However, as she does try to find herself, using other people to develop her personality, this causes ever-growing conflict between her and Frank, which reaches its climax towards the end of the play. Apart from Rita, Franks main conflict is involved with the university and students themselves, as he bitterly continues to drink with their disapproval. By Act two, scene five, very near the close of the play, we can clearly see how both characters have developed and how they now interact with each other. The first thing Rita says to Frank upon entering his room is, are you sober, are you? and the way in which a whisky bottle is placed in front of him indicates the extent of his dependency on the drink. Now he can no longer rely on Rita to give him hope and entertain him he has become even more dependant on the alcohol, which is plaguing his career. Frank, even now cannot resist a sarcastic comment, which Rita ignores and proceeds to tell Frank what she thinks of his poetry. The fact that Frank has given Rita his poetry to look at is a very  significant act, which shows real character development on both sides. Earlier in the play Frank denied Rita access to his poetry, on the grounds of her not understanding literary terms. The fact that he has given them to her, and has seriously asked her for a critical analysis shows how much she must have progressed in terms of her education. Whereas she was once ignorant in this area, Frank has now deemed her sufficiently able to comment on them, and regardless of his motive, we can see how her character has developed in order that she can appreciate such work. However, on another level, Frank giving Rita his poetry shows how he has developed as a person also. As well as indicating he no longer feels his skills are superior to hers, the emotional angle of his action indicates that he is no longer dealing with only the objective side of things. By giving Rita his poetry to look at, Frank is exposing his emotional side. His poetry is such a personal thing to him that it is the most significant thing he can do, to show how he is willing to expose his vulnerable side to her as opposed to other people. By asking for a critical assessment of a lesser known English poet Frank knows that what she says will ultimately depend upon the outcome of their relationship. The way Rita analyses the poems clearly shows how she has developed in terms of her education, the main theme running throughout the play. The language she uses, witty/profound to describe the poem is a complete development of the simple terms she used earlier in the play. The fact that she can understand Franks work as opposed to the poetry she used to enjoy, Its the sort of poetry you can understand shows how she has developed her literary knowledge. However the way she quotes her flatmate, Trish when commenting on the poetry, shows how from having Frank as her only mentor and teacher at the start of the play, she has now developed a critical style from others also. Rita herself admits how she would not have understood the poetry previously, and the way she is sure she can now see wit and classical allusion in it indicates that as her education has progressed she has adapted accepted educational views of such works. The audience are next reminded of the aspirational theme, as they can compare how Rita would have reacted then and now from Franks comments, You would  have thrown it across the room. The way Franks sarcasm still washes over Rita indicates how she can see nothing wrong with her situation. She comments that she can, see now shows how her opinions of herself and her life have changed, she is no longer so discontented, and she sees nothing wrong with the social standing she now has. Franks allusion to Frankenstein, however, shows he feels that what he has created is a terrible thing, that he has made Rita a monster and his assessment of his poetry gives a deeper insight into his feelings. Frank denounces his poetry as worthless talentless shit, simply posing as something witty and clever. His poetry is such a close and personal thing to him, however, that as he criticizes it he is really criticising himself. By trying to convey how pretentious and worthless his poetry really is, he is really trying to explain to Rita that that is how he feels about himself. Earlier in the play he commented that there was less to him than met the eye, and this speech shows how low he feels he has really sunk. He is trying to show Rita how what she has gained he feels is without meaning, that what she has aspired to is worthless in his eyes, and this display of emotion indicates how his emotions have developed so that he is now in touch with them. The way Frank responds to Ritas analysis shows that he really is no longer objective, but subjective, taking what she says not as an objective critical analysis but as an indication of who she has become. Whereas before he wanted mere objectivity and nothing dealing with the personal, now that Rita has that critical skill Franks response shows that he regrets what he has done as there are now none of her views stated when she gives an opinion. He liked Ritas novelty very much, yet her analysis shows it has been taken away, and she talks like any other student. Frank now wants her to be subjective again, another example of how their characters have reversed. That as they have developed, Rita has become the objective one, and Frank the subjective, desperate for some kind of Ritas sentimentality in her work. Frank then comments that he can no longer bear Ritas presence, and she responds in a way that shows the audience she now really is his equal. Whereas before, his word was the authority, Rita stands up to Frank and  provides an argument against his. In fact she is now the dominant character, and she makes reference to this, comparing their previous relationship to one of a farther and daughter, him teaching her as she gazes back in, wide eyed wonder. Rita is trying to show that she has lost her naivety, and he is no longer the dominant male, returning to the theme of gender stereotyping. They are now on equal terms. It is here we see where the conflict has really developed in their relationship, as Rita shows she has reached what she aspired to and Frank reduces its worth, so very very little. Frank feels that in becoming educated, Rita has lost all individuality and originality, whereas Rita feels satisfied with what she has achieved, and does not understand why he cannot accept th is. The theme of Education runs throughout the play. This aspect of life is traditionally thought to lift people out of one lifestyle and give them a range of options. Rita is developed through the theme of education to reflect how it can change your lifestyle. She comments that she now knows the right kind of wine to buy and the clothes to wear in terms of reflecting a middle class status. She has become a typical middle class women, and Frank hates himself for his part in it. At the beginning of the play Frank enjoyed lording over Rita to an extent and using his superiority to gain control of the situation. It might appear that he is simply annoyed that he has lost that hold over her, and can not reassert himself with her, so is trying to drag her down and not enable her to become superior to him. It is not that simple however. Throughout the play we have seen Frank and Ritas characters developing, and although it seems Frank has been trying to keep her from escaping, and he alone wants to shape her, as the play progresses, it becomes evident that he admires her uniqueness. As Frank watches her turn into just another student it enables him to see how her unique qualities are simply wasted, and what she ends up with, has nothing of her in it. Frank, who at the start of the play was already educated, shows how education can have a degenerative effect when that is really all you have, and he reflects this in his degenerative behaviour. Although he enjoyed the way he could use his knowledge and wit to distance himself from reality, the  arrival of Rita shakes up all of his preconceptions of students and life in general . Although she might think that he really did want her to remain ignorant for his own satisfaction, Frank has simply realised how education can make you pretentious and characterless, and that although Rita has want she wanted, he feels the person she has become in order to achieve it is of little value. The theme of education is developed from the first act, and whereas it first appears to be a good thing for both Rita and Frank, the way the characters develop to reflect what an effect it can have on people show that this is not a straightforward theme. There are clearly a number of themes involved within this play, and to best reflect them the staging of the play must be carefully considered. The two acts that I have analysed display the most contrast through the way in which as the characters have developed their views and how their roles have crossed over. As well as obvious changes in the characters costumes, I would use more subtle differences including changes in lighting and the way the characters react and speak, to reflect the changes they have undergone. Firstly, costume must be considered as the audience will take initial impressions from the way each character dresses, and the way they appear at the beginning of the play and at the end must reflected in their change of dress. Frank, at the start of the play, although he does indulge in alcohol is much more together then a t the end of the play. Therefore his dress should be fairly smart, indicating how he is both middle class and a lecturer. It should include a shirt and tie, with the shirt tucked in and tie tightly tied with his top button fastened. As the play progresses however Franks change in character could be shown through subtle changes in his dress. As his and Ritas relationship slowly begins to degenerate, his appearance should become untidier, beginning with him untucking his shirt, then undoing his top button and loosening his shirt collar. By Act two, scene five his tie should have disappeared altogether. Although this is not much of a change, a mans tie, at work, is often considered by others to be smart, and about taking a pride in his appearance. He degenerate appearance by the end of the play should reflect what has happen to Frank himself, in that he no longer cares about work and through alcohol abuse, he himself has  degenerated. Ritas dress however should become gradually more flamboyant. In Act One scene two, Rita is still uneducated and working class, with the restraints of her husband and family upon her. Her clothing should be conventional and very unexceptional, to reflect her position in life. However, as she learns, gradually her clothing should become different, more creative, as she becomes educated and more creative herself. In Act Two Scene five, when Rita feels that she has fulfilled her potential, and that she knows how to act and, what clothes to wear her dress sense should be a complete change, as she now sees herself as an educated woman. Both characters clothes need to reflect how the characters feel about themselves to reinforce how they develop. In my second scene, Rita should remain standing for the entirety of the scene, with Frank slumped in his chair. Rita should also wear heels. This clear difference in height between the two should clearly convey to the audience how Rita is now highe r than Frank in terms of life also. A subtle change would reinforce for the audience the changeover in their roles. The set itself, as Franks office, is another useful reflective tool in showing how Frank degenerates. In Act one, Scene two the office, although not pristine, with books and plants spread around, should have some kind of order to it. As Frank turns to alcohol the disintegration of him must be mirrored in the degeneration of his office. By Scene five in the second act there should be much more disorder, with what were once piles of books, books scattered across the floor, and higher piles of paper, which Frank has obviously not dealt with. Posters, which Frank should have on his wall at the beginning of the play, should begin to curl halfway though the play, and by scene five should have fallen completely and be lying on the floor. Also, whereas in the earlier scene the whisky bottle should be hidden behind books, indicating discretion on Franks part, as mentioned in the play, the bottle should now simply be on the desk showing how he feels there is no point hiding the fact any more. This reflects his feelings about Ritas transformation; it shows the despair he feels in that now she has conformed, Frank sees only despair. There should also be several empty bottles strewn around to emphasise Franks dependency on the alcohol. All this reflects  Franks degeneration. The way the room has gradually fallen apart is mirrored by what has happened to him. Lighting could be a very effective tool in these two scenes to emphasise the contrast between the mood of the play towards the beginning, and the scene, which reaches the climax of Frank and Ritas dispute. In the first scene, to reflect the mood of hope and what looks like an interesting opportunity for both characters, the lighting should be bright throughout, to reflect this feeling. The lighting can also be used effectively however, to focus the audiences attention on a particular character, and emphasise the importance of what they are saying. At the beginning of Act One, scene Two, there should simply be a bright yellow light enveloping the whole stage. However, as Frank begins to ask Rita questions about her life, and she begins to respond openly to him, the lights should fade out, except for a bright spotlight focused upon Ritas face. This should be done from Ritas line Like what youve got to be into and this will emphasise her speech to the audience, as their attention will be all focused upon her and they should listen closely to the deeper meaning o her words. As Frank makes his sarcastic comment about the dress, and the tension lifts the bright lights should fade back in, and remain for the rest f he scene. However, in my chosen scene for act two the lighting must be different to reflect the gloomy atmosphere and environment Frank is now subjecting himself too. The stage should be lit only by a bulb from a desk lamp, all light which would have previously come in through the window is now shut out, to make clear how Frank, in his depression, is trying to keep the world out. In this scene spotlights on characters should be used as tension increases between the two characters, as this is a pivotal scene, and emphasising each characters line(s) will heighten the tension for the audience. Lighting could also be used effectively to show characters responses to each other. For example in the first scene, during the use of spotlights, when Frank and Rita are having a serious discussion, Franks confusion over why Rita could not have had an education earlier in life could by emphasised by fading her spotlight out to highlight the confusion on his ace then fading it in again. During Act Two, Scene 5 this technique could be used again.  When Rita is commending Franks poetry, Why did you stop writing? her spotlight could fade out to show the despair on Franks face. This technique, if used effectively would be good at highlighting the characters responses to each other in the two different scenes. Most importantly, how the characters speak react and move on stage will convey their character to the audience, and the changes in their behaviour later in the play will show their new attitude towards each other. In my chosen first scene, the two most have totally different airs. Rita, although she appears confident when speaking to Frank at the beginning of the scene, conveys her agitation through the way in which she refuses to sit down, and instead wanders around Franks room. To emphasise her uncertainty she should make some unconscious hand motion, which would convey the audience the nervous tension she is feeling. As Frank watches her he should appear totally at ease in his chair, reclining slightly to emphasise how relaxed he is. The way that Rita talks should also be different from the way that Frank delivers his lines. Frank should reply almost instantly to Ritas comments, conveying to the audience that he is confident, and feels that he has no trouble dealing with someone of Ritas calibre, whereas Rita must deliver her lines with a vaguer more uncertain utterance, more as if she is thinking out loud then having a conversation. This will emphasise the point that Frank is a confident organised teacher dealing with life, whereas Rita is uncertain and trying to clarify what she wants to do. By Act Two, Scene Five, the two characters should move and talk completely differently, conveying their different positions. Rita, who now feels happy and confident about herself, should show this by how she walks into the room. Instead of wandering uncertainly, she should stride purposefully up to Franks desk, indicating she now knows exactly what she is doing and what to say to Frank. For example, Rita must speak with conviction during her defence of Franks poetry, Its not! (pretentious) When walking around the room Rita should walk as she should when entering the room, with her head held high and striding confidently. Frank, however, should be slumped in a defeatist position, reflecting how life has defeated him. Ritas tone, when addressing Frank must be confident, and she should make much more eye  contact with him then before. Franks tone when he speaks should be much vaguer and less direct to convey his uncertainty to the audience. The passage of time could be marked in a number of ways. Changes in the characters and the set should show time passing clearly, as done in the film of Educating Rita. Firstly, an obvious way could be having a calendar on the back wall with the months changing as the play progresses. However, more subtle changes would reflect time passing just as well, and the subtler they are, the climax of them by the end of the play should surprise the audience by how gradual they have been, and indicate that it has taken a while for them to occur. Gradual changes in the set would probably reflect the time passing most effectively. The way it degenerates slowly should reflect how Franks degeneration happens over time. The office should slowly begin to become messier, with more papers scattered around, etc, but it should be gradual so that the audience are surprised when by Act One, Scene Five they realise just how dilapidated the set is. Also, when Frank is listening to his radio in some of the scenes, the broadcast could be about weather for example, and how it is changing as the seasons do. This could also indicate how time is passing as the seasons move on. Gradual changes in the characters way of dressing also should indicate how they are slowly developing and that it is taking time, and the clothes the characters wear could start off being light, summer wear, then gradually become more suitable for winter, then gradually become more summery again, also reflecting a change in seasons In conclusion, Educating Rita is a play that explores complex issues through a variety of themes using characters to develop them. The interesting characterisation means that this is not an abstract piece, and through the characters interaction the audience are captivated by their development. This makes the themes shown through them, come alive. By the end of the play we have an understanding of both characters point of view, and our sympathies lie with both characters. We can see why Frank was desperate for Rita to remain unique, but it is clear why she feels education is what she needed to uplift her. The way that neither character is depicted  as the right or wrong one show that the issues involved with both are not straightforward, and that their is not a simple answer to the questions raised by the themes which include education and class. The staging of the play if well done should add to the richness of the audiences experience, and help to show what effect the experiences have had upon each character and how they are changed by them.